State of the art paper Routine infant immunization with the 7- and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines: current perspective on reduced-dosage regimens

Abstract

A b s t r a c tThe 7 and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines are mostly used in routine infant immunizations to prevent the development of pneumococcal disease. Currently, the dosing schedule approved and recommended for PCV7 and PCV13 in infants is 3 primary doses followed by a booster dose in the second year of life. However, a number of countries use a 2-dose only primary series with a booster dose in the second year of life. This review is aimed at providing the reader with a broad perspective on the currently available evidence which supports the clinical use of such reduced dosing schedules for the PCV7 and PCV13 vaccines. Recent evidence has been able to promulgate the immunogenicity and in some cases the effectiveness of the reduced dosing schedule for these vaccines. These findings may reduce costs as well as minimize supply and administration problems relating to the provision of the pneumococcal conjugated vaccines (PCVs). However, some caution is warranted since some inferior data have emerged with regards to the antibody immune response to certain pneumococcal serotypes following the implementation of such reduced dosing regimens. In addition, it is proposed that prospective surveillance be undertaken in all countries which have adopted the reduced-dosage immunization programs. This review may go some way in educating healthcare practitioners and healthcare policy decision makers at large.

Determinants influencing self-paid vaccination coverage, in 0–5 years old Polish children

“…O'Brien et al found that it causes around 11% of all deaths in children aged 1-59 months worldwide [21]. According to a survey conducted in Poland between 2003 and 2004, the highest incidence for IPD in children was observed among those 0-2 years old [22]. For the reasons mentioned above, a pneumococcal vaccine was heavily promoted in the media at the time of the survey, not only by pharmaceutical companies but also by recognizable health experts, which might have influenced the parents' decision.…”

Progress in research and development of preventive vaccines for children in China

“…In 2016, a study evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of different doses of P2-VP8-P ( 8 ) subunit vaccine. 528 infants were enrolled in this experiment, and the experimental group's anti-P2-VP8 IgG serum showed significantly higher antigen responses to P ( 4 ), P ( 6 ), and P ( 8 ) compared to the control group ( 63 ). At present, there are inactivated RV vaccines (IRVs) based on the G1P ( 8 ) strain, which have shown good immune and protective effects in animal experiments.…”

“…Due to the independent variation of G-type and P-type, a dual naming system is usually used to determine the strain type ( 12 ). Among them, VP7 (G1-G4, G9, and G12) binds to VP4 (P ( 4 ), P ( 6 ), and P ( 8 ), causing most humans worldwide to be infected with RV and leading to diarrhea ( 13 ). In recent years, the main serotypes of RV prevalent in China include G1, G2, G3, G4, and G9 ( 14 ).…”

“…The incidence rate and mortality rate of HFMD have long ranked first among Class C infectious diseases in China, seriously endangering the life and health of children ( 5 ). In addition, as one of the important pathogens in humans, Streptococcus pneumoniae ( S. pneumoniae ) can cause invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) ( 6 ), especially in children under the age of 5 years, IPD has caused a heavy disease burden globally, including in China ( 7 ). In China, most vaccines for children under 5 years old are included in the national immunization program.…”

Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine: Are 3 Doses Equal to 4 Doses?

“…Both reviews note the variation by serotype in the immune response after the first 2 versus the first 3 doses. 8,9 For most serotypes there are only modest reductions in the immune response after 2 doses; however, for serotypes 6B and 23F the diminution in immune responses is more significant. The World Health Organization estimated that an antibody concentration of 0.35 mg/mL for all PCVassociated serotypes correlates with clinical efficacy against IPDs related to that specific vaccine serotype.…”