State of the art progress in hydraulic fracture modeling using AI/ML techniques

Self Cite

Hydrocarbons exist in abundant quantity beneath the earth's surface. These hydrocarbons are generally classified as conventional and unconventional hydrocarbons depending upon their nature, geology, and exploitation procedure. Since the conventional hydrocarbons are under the depletion phase, the unconventional hydrocarbons have been a major candidate for current and future hydrocarbon production. Additionally, investment and research have increased significantly for its exploitation. Having the shift toward unconventional hydrocarbons, this study reviews in depth the technical aspects of unconventional hydrocarbons. This review brings together all the important aspects of unconventional reservoirs in single literature. This review at first highlights the worldwide unconventional hydrocarbon resources, their technical concept, distribution, and future supplies. A portion of this study also discusses the resources of progressive unconventional hydrocarbon candidates. Apart from this, this review also highlights the geological aspects of different unconventional hydrocarbon resources including tight, shale, and coalbed methane. The petrophysical behavior of such assists including the response to well logs and the discussion of improved correlation for petrophysical analysis is a significant part of this detailed study. The variation in geology and petrophysics of unconventional resources with conventional resources are also presented. In addition, the latest technologies for producing unconventional hydrocarbons ranging from fractured wells to different fluid injections are discussed in this study. In the end, the latest machine learning and optimization techniques have been discussed that aids in the optimized field development planning of unconventional reservoirs.

Section: Recent Advances In Unconventional Resources Development Optimizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unconventional hydrocarbon resources: geological statistics, petrophysical characterization, and field development strategies

Muther

Qureshi

Syed

et al. 2021

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“…Nowadays, forward mathematical modeling, artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML) techniques are being popular for the analysis of recorded data. AI/ML techniques are also used to develop a comprehensive tracer testing plan and amalgamate it along with the petrophysical interpretations done using the abovementioned techniques (Joshi et al 2021;Khilrani et al 2021;Knackstedt et al 2009;Sprunger et al 2021). The general characteristics of the tracer are shown in Table 1.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of tracer testing techniques in porous media specially attributed to the oil and gas industry

Patidar

Joshi

Dristant

et al. 2022

The significance of the tracer testing technique is widely accepted in reservoir performance analysis in hydrology as well as in hydrocarbon exploration and production. The subsurface reservoir delineation for hydrocarbon exploration and optimum production is one of the most critical aspects of petroleum system analysis. The quality of the reservoir and its performance prediction require extensive knowledge of qualitative reservoir geology, its depositional environment, facies heterogeneity and engineering properties of subsurface formations. Tracer testing is amongst the few techniques available in the oil and gas (O&G) industry, which stands up to these expectations and is successfully used for quantitative determination and analysis of sub-seismic scale structural and stratigraphic heterogeneities. Tracer testing is also being utilized in determining residual oil saturation (Sor) and lateral correlation of reservoir properties in the subsurface. Apart from the O&G industry, the concentration-based applications of tracer testing have been proved in hydrology, geothermal and medical science. A comprehensive review is presented to explain the application of tracer testing technique to investigate porous media, mainly in O&G industry. The type of tracers used, their selection criteria, concentration, and natural versus gradient and qualitative to a quantitative application are discussed in the current review. Generally, two types of tracers (chemical and radioactive) are preferred in the petroleum industry for gas/fluid flow assessment, waterflood optimization and establishing connectivity between multiple wells. The current paper reviews both types of tracer tests, namely single well and inter well, in detail discussing the objectives, calculations, designing, injection, sampling, laboratory analysis and knowledge integration. The preliminary aim was to provide a review of the tracer testing technique used in reservoir evaluation and well-to-well connectivity analysis.

“…Due to the complex matrix structure with low permeabilities and porosities, the shale gas is trapped inside the nano-pores and hence the flow is highly restricted. To produce gas from such a complex system, an interconnected fracture system with extended wells is required (Ayers et al 2012;Sprunger et al 2021;Syed et al 2021a;Zhang et al 2020). Horizontal drilling, enhanced oil recovery, and hydraulic fracturing are some of the technologies implemented to recover unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs (Muther et al 2021(Muther et al , 2022Syed et al 2011Syed et al , 2021aYue et al 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution of gas adsorption–desorption in Marcellus shale for different fractured well configurations

Muther

Syed

Dahaghi

et al. 2022

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Gas adsorption onto the shale system carries significant importance in accurately forecasting gas production and estimating underground reserves. For the Marcellus shale system, the adsorption of gas also plays a critical role in ultimate recovery and overall reserves quantification. Yet, the effect of different adsorption characteristics in different Marcellus shale regions is not systematically analyzed together. In this study, the contribution of different gas adsorption phenomena in Marcellus shale for different fractured well configurations is investigated. The objective is to understand the reservoir production responses under various adsorption characteristics and well design. For this analysis, a mechanistic Marcellus shale model under confining stresses is numerically simulated with the available literature data. After that, six samples containing adsorption characteristics of different Marcellus shale regions are taken from the literature and specified in the model for accurately defining the adsorption physics in the shale system. In the end, two different well configurations including the fractured vertical and horizontal well are specified in the model separately to analyze the impact of gas desorption on production response. The analysis indicates that the gas desorption improves the overall gas production by a maximum of 5% in a single-stage multi-clustered fractured horizontal well. In addition, the effect of desorption is found to be minimal during initial flow periods, and considerable at longer flow periods. Additionally, the gas desorption is found to be more responsive towards high surface area and large fracture networks. Finally, it is determined that a fractured horizontal well is a viable option that allows high gas desorption in Marcellus shale. This study, hence, aids widely in deciding better production strategies based on adsorption characteristics for producing Marcellus shale.