2022
DOI: 10.3390/en15062061
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State-of-the-Art Review of Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) Catalyst Regeneration Intensification Technologies

Abstract: Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is the workhorse of modern crude oil refinery. Its regenerator plays a critical role in optimizing the overall profitability by efficiently restoring the catalyst activity and enhancing the heat balance in the riser reactor. Improvement in the device metallurgy and process operations have enabled industrial regenerators to operate at high temperatures with better a coke burning rate and longer operating cycle. Today, the carbon content of regenerated catalyst has drastically redu… Show more

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Cited by 27 publications
(6 citation statements)
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“…Rotational modes with barrier heights above 50 kJ/mol were not considered as a hindered rotor but approximated as a harmonic oscillator. The reduced moment of inertia calculated at the I (2,3) level together with the Fourier series expression of the hindrance potential, as defined by East and Radom, 57 are used for the construction of the Schrodinger equation for onedimensional internal rotation. The eigenvalues of the solution determine the partition function as a function of temperature.…”
Section: Quantum Chemical Methodologymentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…Rotational modes with barrier heights above 50 kJ/mol were not considered as a hindered rotor but approximated as a harmonic oscillator. The reduced moment of inertia calculated at the I (2,3) level together with the Fourier series expression of the hindrance potential, as defined by East and Radom, 57 are used for the construction of the Schrodinger equation for onedimensional internal rotation. The eigenvalues of the solution determine the partition function as a function of temperature.…”
Section: Quantum Chemical Methodologymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The structured aluminosilicates are predominantly applied as acidic, shape-selective catalysts to steer product yields and increase the reaction activity. Their use within the petrochemical industry is widespread, ranging from fluid catalytic cracking and hydrocracking to the reforming of specific assays. , The development of suitable zeolites will also play a crucial role in the shift from fossil carbon sources to more sustainable sources such as biomass or plastic waste. Initially, fossil streams will be blended with sustainable hydrocarbon streams in conventional processes to facilitate a gradual shift to a fossil-free chemical industry.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The fluidized bed hydrocarbon catalytic cracking process (FCC) is considered the most important process within the refinery to convert heavy cuts into light and valuable ones. This process constantly undergoes different modifications and improvements in terms of its technology and the catalyst to increase its efficiency and meet the specific demands of each refinery [ 1 ]. The feed used in FCC reactors is usually known as vacuum gas oil (VGO), characterized by having average boiling points of approximately 450 °C, which fall in the C20–C50 range, and the catalysts used in these units are composed of Y zeolite, which is supported on a matrix with different characteristics, active or inactive, and a binder [ [2] , [3] , [4] ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The dense bed, however, is somewhat stable since the heat of combustion is released by regeneration. This is as a result of the high catalyst storage and holdup, which absorb the heat of combustion released as they are regenerated, also the dense bed is unsusceptible to post-combustion, which affects plenums, cyclones and flue gas up in exit ducts [15]. As a result, extremely high heat in the dense bed are evenly distributed and ducked.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%