State regulation of economic relations between Kazakhstan and China on the agrofood market

Abstract

A comprehensive economic pragmatism as the main goal of the new economic policy course of Kazakhstan that is based on the principles of profitability, return on investment and competitiveness, also includes aspects of the need to create a new industry along with the development of traditional basic industries, to increase their export potential, where Chinese investment plays a significant role. An institutional reform includes the abolition of sectoral programs with integration of certain sectoral programs into governmental programs, as well as in strategic plans of state bodies. Consequently, it is necessary to create an industrial-sectoral and administrative symbiosis for the effective development of the industry and assessment of its prospects, taking into account the protection and promotion of national economic interests within the framework of international cooperation. The evaluation of state management in the agrarian, sphere within the framework of the development of Kazakh-Chinese cooperation, based on the study of the PRC's approaches in the formation of special economic zones and domestic practice of improving the economy of agrarian sector under the conditions of the “third modernization” and “fourth industrial revolution”, will lead to an expansion of exports of agricultural products, transit potential of Kazakhstan, infrastructural development and optimization of industry administration. In addition, taking into account the strategic importance of the country's transport potential, it will allow developing adjacent economy sectors.

Analysis of Kazakhstan Crude Oil Biomarkers by Gas Chromatography in Combination with Mass Spectrometry

“…Pr/Ph ratio is an indicator of the deposition environment. Thus, low Pr/Ph values (<2) indicate aquatic deposition environments including marine, fresh, and brackish water (reducing conditions), whereas intermediate values (2)(3)(4) indicate fluviomarine and coastal swamp environments, and high values (up to 10) are related to peat swamp deposition environments (oxidizing conditions) [69]. According to some research [67,70], a Pr/Ph ratio lower than 0.8 in crude oil suggests deposition from anoxic source rocks.…”

“…Kazakhstan has produced crude oil since 1911. Throughout the country, 169 hydrocarbon deposits have been discovered comprising 87 oil fields, 17 gas fields, 30 gas and oil, 25 oil-and-gas condensate, and 10 oil condensate fields [2]. The production of crude oil reached a total of 1.77 million barrels/day in 2017.…”