We report a selective
and sensitive nanosensor probe based on polyethylenimine (PEI)-capped
downconverting nanophosphors β-NaYF
4
:Gd
3+
,Tb
3+
@PEI for the detection of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT),
both in water and buffer media. These downconverting phosphors were
synthesized via a hydrothermal route and are known to show excellent
chemical, thermal, and photostability. They emit sharp emission peaks
centered at ∼488, 544, 584, and 619 nm, among which the peak
at ∼544 nm was remarkably quenched (∼90%) by the addition
of TNT without giving any new emission peak. The sensing mechanism
is based on the formation of a Meisenheimer complex between the electron-rich
amine-functionalized β-NaYF
4
:Gd
3+
,Tb
3+
nanophosphors and electron-deficient TNT molecule, which
was prominently visualized by the change in the color of the solution
from whitish to brownish yellow, enabling visual detection, followed
by luminescence resonance energy transfer between the nanophosphors
and the complex. A linear range for TNT detection was obtained from
0.1 to 300 μM with a limit of detection as low as 119.9 nM.
This method displayed excellent selectivity toward TNT over other
nitroaromatic compounds, which had no influence on the detection.
Moreover, various other classes of analytes, viz., amino acids, pesticides,
and sugars, did not quench the luminescence intensity of the nanophosphors.
This developed nanosensor probe possesses high, stable fluorescence
brightness and capability for the selective and sensitive on-site
recognition of TNT molecules in aqueous media, avoiding complicated
strategies and instruments. Thus, this work promises to pave ways
to many applications in the detection of ultratrace analytes.