Static and Dynamic Studies of Electro-Active Polymer Actuators and Integration in a Demonstrator

Poncet, P.; Casset, F.; Latour, Antoine; Santos, Fabrice Domingues Dos; Pawlak, Sébastien; Gwoziecki, R.; Devos, Arnaud; Emery, P.; Fanget, S.

doi:10.3390/act6020018

Cited by 21 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Some of the polymers known for exhibiting a piezoelectric effect include poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and their copolymers, odd nylons, poly(lactic acid), and cellulose . Among all polymers, PVDF and their copolymers exhibit the highest electromechanical response at room temperature and have been studied extensively for various applications such as, pressure/strain sensors, actuators, and nanogenerators, among others. − Nylon 11, a castor-oil-derived polyamide, is also known to exhibit a piezoelectric effect. However, it has been a less explored polymer relative to PVDF.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Flexible Mechanical Energy Harvester Based on Nylon 11 Ferroelectric Nanocomposites

Ram

Radhakrishnan

Ambone

et al. 2019

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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We report here a flexible piezoelectric energy harvester using castor-oil-derived nylon 11 and biomass-derived cellulose nanocrystals (CNC). Using a simple solution casting process, we were able to fabricate flexible large area nylon 11 and composite films. Neat nylon 11 films crystallized predominantly in the α- phase. Incorporation of CNC at a low concentration of 2–5 wt % resulted in almost complete transition of α-phase to polar γ-phase, which could be attributed to strong hydrogen bonding interactions between CNC and amide groups in nylon 11. This remarkable shift in crystallization behavior also led to enhanced piezoelectric performance. We also found that the addition of 5 wt % glycerol (on the dry weight of nylon 11 or composite) enhanced the flexibility of the film. Energy harvesting devices made from 5 wt % nylon 11/CNC films showed about 2.6 times higher output voltage as compared to neat nylon 11 devices under similar impact conditions, and the effect was durable over 800 cycles. These devices were also used to charge a 10 μF polarized capacitor, and we found that the 5 wt % nylon 11/CNC devices charged up to 3.78 V in 90 s, which is 2.8 times higher than nylon 11 devices. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on nylon 11 nanocomposites, where cellulose nanocrystals have been used to enhance the electroactive γ phase in nylon 11 and yield such high piezoelectric performance.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Flexible Mechanical Energy Harvester Based on Nylon 11 Ferroelectric Nanocomposites

Ram

Radhakrishnan

Ambone

et al. 2019

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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“…For the realized device geometry and taking 5.7 GPa, 3.6 GPa [ 32 ] and 1.0 GPa [ 20 ] as the Young modulus and 1389 kg m −3 , 1800 kg m −3 and 1011 kg m −3 as the density for the used paper, the P(VDF-TrFE) layers, and the PEDOT:PSS layers, respectively, a natural frequency for the first natural mode of 344 Hz was calculated. Moreover, the Young modulus of paper is highly anisotropic due to the direction of the paper fibers [ 30 ], which was not considered in the calculations.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To the best of our knowledge, the achieved out-of-plane displacement of more than 200 µm, at a supply voltage of 50 V rms , is the highest reported for polymer based piezoelectric haptic actuators, which is the result of the combination of a high performance of the printed layers, especially the piezoelectric one, the geometry of the substrate, and the low thickness and mechanical properties of the paper substrate. Table 2 gives a comparison to the work of other research groups and a commercially available device [ 32 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Printed Multilayer Piezoelectric Transducers on Paper for Haptic Feedback and Dual Touch-Sound Sensation

Schmidt

Werner

Weissbach

et al. 2022

Sensors

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With a growing number of electronic devices surrounding our daily life, it becomes increasingly important to create solutions for clear and simple communication and interaction at the human machine interface (HMI). Haptic feedback solutions play an important role as they give a clear direct link and response to the user. This work demonstrates multifunctional haptic feedback devices based on fully printed piezoelectric transducers realized with functional polymers on thin paper substrate. The devices are flexible; lightweight and show very high out-of-plane deflection of 213 µm at a moderate driving voltage of 50 Vrms (root mean square) achieved by an innovative multilayer design with up to five individually controllable active layers. The device creates a very clear haptic sensation to the human skin with a blocking force of 0.6 N at the resonance frequency of 320 Hz, which is located in the most sensitive range of the human fingertip. Additionally the transducer generates audible information above two kilohertz with a remarkable high sound pressure level. Thus the paper-based approach can be used for interactive displays in combination with touch sensation; sound and color prints. The work gives insights into the manufacturing process; the electrical characteristics; and an in-depth analysis of the 3D deflection of the device under variable conditions

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“…17]) and the book edited by [20]. Some recent research interest includes the use of an encased ionic fluid and/or the fluid within which the DE robot swims [26,63], non-linear springs coupled to DE for enhanced actuation [40,41], lab-on-a-chip devices for peristaltic pumps [111], haptic feedback [91] and cell stretchers [92], optical applications (including tunable grating, lenses, laser speckle reducers, and tunable windows) [37,93,107], coupling actuators with piezoresistive switches [42], and hydraulically amplified self-healing electrostatic actuators (HASEL) [1]. The latter use a contained fluid dielectric that is pumped out from between the electrode plates.…”

Section: Dielectric Elastomer Eap Actuatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electroactive polymer (EAP) actuators—background review

2019

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Certain polymers can be excited by electric, chemical, pneumatic, optical, or magnetic field to change their shape or size. For convenience and practical actuation, using electrical excitation is the most attractive stimulation method and the related materials are known as electroactive polymers (EAP) and artificial muscles. One of the attractive applications that are considered for EAP materials is biologically inspired capabilities, i.e., biomimetics, and successes have been reported that previously were considered science fiction concepts. Today, there are many known EAP materials. Some of the EAP materials also exhibit the reverse effect of converting mechanical strain to electrical signal allowing using them as sensors and energy harvesters. Efforts are made worldwide to turn EAP materials to actuators-of-choice and they involve developing their scientific and engineering foundations including the understanding of their operation principles. These are also involve developing effective computational chemistry models, comprehensive material science, and electro-mechanics analytical tools. These efforts have been leading to better understanding the parameters that control their capability and durability. Moreover, effective processing techniques are developed for their fabrication, shaping, electroding, and characterization. While progress have been reported in the research and development of all the types of EAP materials, the trend in recent years has been growing towards significant development in using dielectric elastomers.These characteristics are making them highly attractive for use in muscle-like actuators. Some are biologically inspired (i.e., biomimetic applications) [8,9,11], and all can function without hard metallic gears and mechanisms. Examples of the applications of EAP actuators include a polypyrrole fish [71], ionic polymer-metal composite robot fish [23], miniature dielectric elastomer grippers for satellites [5], ionic conductor loudspeakers [51], an electrostrictive polymer catheter [35], a haptic interface [32], active braille displays [9], a fish-like blimp [45], static electric rotary motors [3], worm-like robots [46], a crawling robot with no hard electronics [42], facial animatronic devices [11], optical devices [107], biomedical devices, microfluidic devices, and even a wearable device to assist eyelid blinking [103]. The impressive improvements in the field [52,68] are increasingly attracting the interest of engineers and scientists from many different disciplines.Many EAP actuators are still emerging and need further advancement in order for them to form part of mass-produced products. This requires the use of computational chemistry models, comprehensive material science, electro-mechanic analytical tools, and material processing research. To maximize their actuation capability and durability, effective fabrication, shaping, and electroding techniques are being developed. In addition, techniques of characterizing their response as well as documenting them in databases and related ...

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Static and Dynamic Studies of Electro-Active Polymer Actuators and Integration in a Demonstrator

Cited by 21 publications

References 17 publications

Highly Flexible Mechanical Energy Harvester Based on Nylon 11 Ferroelectric Nanocomposites

Highly Flexible Mechanical Energy Harvester Based on Nylon 11 Ferroelectric Nanocomposites

Printed Multilayer Piezoelectric Transducers on Paper for Haptic Feedback and Dual Touch-Sound Sensation

Electroactive polymer (EAP) actuators—background review

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