Static and fatigue tensile properties of cross-ply laminates containing vascules for self-healing applications

Luterbacher, Rafael; Trask, Richard S.; Bond, Ian P

doi:10.1088/0964-1726/25/1/015003

Cited by 33 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 47 publications

(62 reference statements)

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“…3 The crack growth rates in notched and un-notched samples were compared to find the strain energy (tearing energy) under repeated vibrational fatigue conditions. Self-healing effect on the fatigue crack propagation and the corresponding arrest mechanisms were studied using healing agent microcapsules in epoxy matrix composite 33 , carbon-fiber composite, 34 vascules in cross-ply laminates, 35 manual infiltration of fast-curing epoxy to tapered double cantilever beam (TDCB), 36 as well as hydrogel for fatigue resistance. 37 As the tensile fatigue at the crack tip increases, cracks start growing at the pre-notch locations.…”

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confidence: 99%

Fatigue of Self-Healing Nanofiber-based Composites: Static Test and Subcritical Crack Propagation

Lee

Sett

Yoon

et al. 2016

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Here, we studied the self-healing of composite materials filled with epoxy-containing nanofibers. An initial incision in the middle of a composite sample stretched in a static fatigue test can result in either crack propagation or healing. In this study, crack evolution was observed in real time. A binary epoxy, which acted as a self-healing agent, was encapsulated in two separate types of interwoven nano/microfibers formed by dual-solution blowing, with the core containing either epoxy or hardener and the shell being formed from poly(vinylidene fluoride)/ poly(ethylene oxide) mixture. The core-shell fibers were encased in a poly(dimethylsiloxane) matrix. When the fibers were damaged by a growing crack in this fiber-reinforced composite material because of static stretching in the fatigue test, they broke and released the healing agent into the crack area. The epoxy used in this study was cured and solidified for approximately an hour at room temperature, which then conglutinated and healed the damaged location. The observations were made for at least several hours and in some cases up to several days. It was revealed that the presence of the healing agent (the epoxy) in the fibers successfully prevented the propagation of cracks in stretched samples subjected to the fatigue test. A theoretical analysis of subcritical cracks was performed, and it revealed a jumplike growth of subcritical cracks, which was in qualitative agreement with the experimental results.

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confidence: 99%

Fatigue of Self-Healing Nanofiber-based Composites: Static Test and Subcritical Crack Propagation

Lee

Sett

Yoon

et al. 2016

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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“…A very few studies have addressed the performance of aged (healable) composites or even their fatigue response. In the few studies that have led such investigations, healing performance has been observed to significantly deteriorate with time . More of these investigations are required, as is analysis of the root cause of the instability: only by investigating this phenomenon can effective solutions be proposed.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The self‐healing performance of cross‐ply laminates after static and fatigue loading was investigated by Luterbacher et al In this study, a 1D vascular network was created via polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)‐coated nickel chromium wires (0.56 mm diameter). The wires were placed at discrete intervals during the lay‐up and removed after cure.…”

Section: Self‐healing Fiber‐reinforced Polymer Composites: the State mentioning

confidence: 99%

“… for example. Although the host FRPs investigated thus far have typically been prepared via simple hand lay‐up or infusion techniques, several additional techniques have been utilized to incorporate the self‐healing functionality . Autoclave compaction of preimpregnated plies has also been explored with capsules, as reported in Bolimowski et al Adaptation in the cure and postcure temperature may however be required.…”

Section: Manufacturing Compatibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Progress in Self‐Healing Fiber‐Reinforced Polymer Composites

Cohades

Branfoot

Rae

et al. 2018

Adv Materials Inter

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With the potential for small-scale damage to grow or coalesce under subsequent loading, FRP structures incorporate high safety factors to account for this defect sensitivity to ensure they will remain load bearing throughout their service life. This paradigm has resulted in many research groups worldwide exploring and developing the concept of self-healing or selfrepair being applied to FRPs, with the aim of achieving autonomous structural recovery via an embedded functionality, to address damage formation in its early stages before the integrity of the structure is compromised. In principle, this could reduce the structural redundancy and fully realize the mass saving associated with using FRP composite materials. This paper sets out to review the current state of the art in applying self-healing/self-repair to high-performing advanced fiber-reinforced polymer composite materials. Our definition of an advanced fiber-reinforced polymer composite material for this work is as follows:Our review discusses what has been achieved to date, the ongoing challenges which have arisen in implementing selfhealing into FRPs, how considerations for industrialization and large-scale manufacture must be considered from the outset, where self-healing may provide the most benefits (with respect to current FRP approaches to design), and how a functionality like self-healing can be validated for application in real structures.A significant proportion of self-healing studies have focused on assessing the healing efficiency of the system in bulk polymers, liquid (or low fiber volume) polymers, particulate composites, or low-volume fraction fiber-reinforced materials with inferior mechanical properties. [1,2] Comparatively, limited research has been undertaken on self-healing in advanced FRP composite materials, specifically based on systems commonly used in industry or those that possess high-performance characteristics.Two broad categories of self-healing systems can be found in the available literature: [3] i) intrinsic self-healing systems, which can heal a crack through interactions (physical or chemical) at the molecular level; ii) extrinsic self-healing systems, which This paper sets out to review the current state of the art in applying selfhealing/self-repair to high-performing advanced fiber-reinforced polymer composite materials (FRPs). A significant proportion of self-healing studies have focused so far on developing and assessing healing efficiency of bulk polymer systems, applied to particulate composites or low-volume fraction fiber-reinforced materials. Only limited research is undertaken on self-healing in advanced structural FRP composite materials. This review focuses on what is achieved to date, the ongoing challenges which have arisen in implementing self-healing into FRPs, how considerations for industrialization and large-scale manufacture must be considered from the outset, where selfhealing may provide most benefits, and how a functionality like self-healing can be validated for application in real structures. ...

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“…So far, fatigue resistance of self-healing polymers and polymer composites has not been extensively studied. Moreover, healing speed is not the main concern of these available works [35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43]. In this context, the present investigation might add to the researches in this area.…”

mentioning

confidence: 90%

Improvement of fatigue resistance of epoxy composite with microencapsulated epoxy-SbF5 self-healing system

Ye¹,

Zhu²,

Yuan³

et al. 2017

Express Polym. Lett.

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Abstract. Rapid retardation and arresting of fatigue crack are successfully realized in the epoxy composite containing microencapsulated epoxy and ethanol solution of antimony pentafluoride-ethanol complex (SbF 5 ·HOC 2 H 5 /HOC 2 H 5 ). The effects of (i) microcapsules induced-toughening, (ii) hydrodynamic pressure crack tip shielding offered by the released healing agent, and (iii) polymeric wedge and adhesive bonding of cured healing agent account for extension of fatigue life of the material. The two components of the healing agent can quickly react with each other soon after rupture of the microcapsules, and reconnect the crack only 20 seconds as of the test. The applied stress intensity range not only affects the healing efficiency, but also can be used to evaluate the healing speed. The present work offers a very fast healing system, and sets up a framework for characterizing speed of self-healing.Keywords: smart polymers, fracture and fatigue, self-healing, epoxy eXPRESS Polymer Letters Vol.11, No.11 (2017) [34,35]. In other words, retardation or arresting of fatigue crack is rather sensitive to the polymerization rate of healing agent. Therefore, the effect of fatigue crack induced liberation of healing agent can be conveniently monitored by mechanical response of the composite, i.e. in-situ crack re-binding and growth under cyclic stress. In contrast, other destructive characterization methods, like tensile [15] and impact tests [24,27], need time for manually recombining the fractured specimens for healing and quite a few fast healing agent would have been cured in advance. The measured dependence of healing efficiency on healing time has to be associated with large error. So far, fatigue resistance of self-healing polymers and polymer composites has not been extensively studied. Moreover, healing speed is not the main concern of these available works [35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43]. In this context, the present investigation might add to the researches in this area. Experimental 2.1. MaterialsDiglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (EPON 828, epoxy value: 0.53~0.54 mol/100 g), supplied by Shell Co., served as the composite's matrix and the polymerizable component of healing system. Antimony pentafluoride (SbF 5 ) was purchased from Tianjin Institute of Physical and Chemical Engineering of Nuclear Industry, China. Borontrifluoride-2,4-dimethylaniline-complex (BF 3 ·DMA) and methyl hexahydrophthalic anhydride (MHHPA) were bought from Energy Chemical, Shanghai, China. Ethanol, tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), styrene and methyl acrylate were supplied by Alfa Aesar GmbH, Germany. Prior to use, styrene and methyl acrylate were washed with sodium hydroxide aqueous solution (5 wt%), thereafter three times with water, dried over magnesium sulphate, and evaporated to dryness in vacuum. Azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, and purified by recrystallization.Melamine and formaldehyde were supplied by Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China. Specimens preparationEpoxy mono...

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Static and fatigue tensile properties of cross-ply laminates containing vascules for self-healing applications

Cited by 33 publications

References 47 publications

Fatigue of Self-Healing Nanofiber-based Composites: Static Test and Subcritical Crack Propagation

Fatigue of Self-Healing Nanofiber-based Composites: Static Test and Subcritical Crack Propagation

Progress in Self‐Healing Fiber‐Reinforced Polymer Composites

Improvement of fatigue resistance of epoxy composite with microencapsulated epoxy-SbF5 self-healing system

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