Static exercise—induced increase in blood pressure in individuals with cervical spinal cord injury

Yamamoto, Masahito; Tajima, Fumihiro; Okawa, Hiroji; Mizushima, Takashi; Umezu, Yuichi; Ogata, Hiroyuki

doi:10.1016/s0003-9993(99)90139-9

Cited by 18 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 24 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…While these responses to ageing have been documented in both men and women, the effect of ageing on these responses in individuals suffering from a spinal cord injury has not been documented. This may be particularly important since individuals suffering from a spinal cord injury demonstrate a pressor response to isometric exercise even during electrical stimulation of their muscles (Hendershot et al 1985;Petrofsky and Laymon 2001;Williams 1989;Yamamoto et al 1999). Electrical stimulation is of interest since it is a common type of therapy, both at home and in the clinical setting, given to individuals suffering from paralysis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of ageing in spinal cord injured humans on the blood pressure and heart rate responses during fatiguing isometric exercise

Petrofsky

Laymon

2002

Eur J Appl Physiol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Groups of 50 healthy male controls and 50 subjects suffering from paraplegia (aged 20-65 years) were examined as to the inter-relationships between age, paraplegia and the strength, endurance, blood pressure and heart rate responses to fatiguing isometric exercise. Contractions were maintained in both groups under voluntary effort and through a contraction induced by electrical stimulation in the paraplegic group. All contractions were maintained to fatigue at a tension of 40% of the maximal muscle strength in either the handgrip or quadriceps muscles. Muscle strength of the handgrip was higher in the paraplegic subjects than in the controls, averaging 589 N and 463 N, respectively for the two groups. In contrast, quadriceps leg extension strength averaged 696 N in the controls and 190 N in the paraplegic groups; for both groups, ageing was associated with a reduction in muscle strength. While leg endurance was less in the paraplegic group than the control group, handgrip endurance was similar in the two groups, endurance increasing with ageing in both the controls and paraplegics. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures increased at rest in paraplegic and control subjects with age. The magnitude of the pressor response to exercise also increased with age. This was true during both voluntary exercise and exercise induced through electrical stimulation in the paraplegic groups. The heart rate response (change in heart rate during exercise) to a fatiguing isometric handgrip contraction decreased by about 50% between the ages of 20 and 60 years in both the controls and paraplegics for isometric handgrip exercise. In contrast, heart rate changed little with age during contractions of the quadriceps muscle in paraplegics which were induced by electrical stimulation.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of ageing in spinal cord injured humans on the blood pressure and heart rate responses during fatiguing isometric exercise

Petrofsky

Laymon

2002

Eur J Appl Physiol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Aging is associated with a decrease in isometric strength and the heart rate response to isometric exercise while endurance for isometric exercise and both systolic and diastolic blood pressures increase (Petrofsky and Lind 1975a, b). Even people with paraplegia or quadriplegia demonstrate a strong blood pressure response to isometric exercise (Hendershot et al 1985;Yamamoto et al 1999). Further, the pressor response increases with hypertension (Colombo et al 1990).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With impairment to the sympathetic nervous system (Karlsson et al 1995), it is reasonable to believe that individuals with both a spinal cord injury and hypertension may have their systolic and diastolic blood pressures respond even more dramatically than other hypertensive patients. This is important since people with spinal cord injuries do demonstrate a strong pressor response to isometric exercise either through voluntary exercise of their non paralyzed muscles or through electrical stimulation of their paralyzed muscles (Petrofsky and Phillips 1984;Hendershot et al 1985;Yamamoto et al 1999). With the ever increasing use of electrical stimulation as a therapeutic modality in spinal cord injured patients, knowledge of the dangers of hypertension in this population becomes increasingly important (Ragnarssen et al 1988).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the quadriceps muscles, electrical stimulation was used to elicit fatiguing contractions in the paraplegic subjects. Paraplegic subjects with complete spinal cord injuries were chosen here since previous work has demonstrated that these subjects have blood pressure responses both to handgrip exercise and to quadriceps exercise elicited by electrical stimulation, in spite of the injury to the spinal cord (Petrofsky and Phillips 1984;Hendershot et al 1985;Petrofsky et al 1985;Yamamoto et al 1999;Petrofsky in press).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Blood pressure and heart rate responses during a fatiguing isometric exercise in paraplegic men with hypertension

Petrofsky

Laymon

2000

European Journal of Applied Physiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A group of 45 male subjects were examined in a cross-sectional study to compare the blood pressure response that occurs during isometric exercise maintained to fatigue among control subjects and paraplegic patients with (PH) and without essential hypertension (PN). Two muscle groups were examined: the handgrip muscles (voluntary effort) and the quadriceps muscles. The tension chosen for the contraction was 40% of the muscles maximum strength for both muscle groups. While the paraplegic groups had more strength in their handgrip muscles than that found for the controls, the control subjects had more strength in their quadriceps muscles than either of the paraplegic groups. During the fatiguing isometric contractions, the rate of rise and absolute systolic blood pressure was higher in the PH than the other groups of subjects. The diastolic pressure of the PH group, while elevated during exercise, was only elevated to the same degree as the increase in resting diastolic pressure above normal. Heart rate changes during exercise was the same in all groups of subjects for handgrip contractions. The controls had the same heart rate response to handgrip as to leg exercise. The paraplegic groups showed no heart rate change during fatiguing contractions of their quadriceps muscles. The PH group actually showed a reduction in heart rate during the leg exercise.

show abstract

“…Finally, two studies provide level 5 evidence that when compared with AB controls, men with complete T6 or above paraplegia (n ¼ 50) have an abnormal (absent) heart rate response during exercise, and men with complete tetraplegia (n ¼ 7) have increased mean arterial blood pressure. 35,36 These findings are indicative of altered autonomic control, and may contribute to changes in cardiovascular health.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

An evidence-based review of aging of the body systems following spinal cord injury

et al. 2010

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Study design: Systematic review. Objective: To systematically review evidence on aging of the body systems after spinal cord injury (SCI). Setting: Toronto, Ontario and Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Methods: Electronic databases (MEDLINE/PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE and PsycINFO), were searched for studies published between 1980 and 2009. The search was augmented by reviewing the reference lists of relevant papers. Non-intervention studies that were longitudinal or cross-sectional with ablebodied controls that were at minimum matched on chronological age were included for review. Levels of evidence were assigned to the study design using a modified Sackett scale. Results: Of the 74 studies selected for inclusion, 16 were longitudinal in design. The hypothesis that SCI represents a model for premature aging is supported by a large proportion of level 5 evidence for the cardiovascular and endocrine systems, level 2, 4 and 5 evidence for the musculoskeletal system, and limited level 5 evidence for the immune system. Only a few level 4 and 5 studies for the respiratory system were found. The evidence on the genitourinary system, gastrointestinal system, and for skin and subcutaneous tissues provide level 4 and 5 evidence that premature aging may not be occurring. The evidence on the nervous system does not provide evidence of premature aging as a result of SCI. Conclusions: Premature aging appears to occur in some systems after SCI. Additional longitudinal studies are required to confirm these findings. Sponsorship: Rick Hansen Institute; Ontario Neurotrauma Foundation.

show abstract

Static exercise—induced increase in blood pressure in individuals with cervical spinal cord injury

Cited by 18 publications

References 24 publications

The effect of ageing in spinal cord injured humans on the blood pressure and heart rate responses during fatiguing isometric exercise

The effect of ageing in spinal cord injured humans on the blood pressure and heart rate responses during fatiguing isometric exercise

Blood pressure and heart rate responses during a fatiguing isometric exercise in paraplegic men with hypertension

An evidence-based review of aging of the body systems following spinal cord injury

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About