“…The first plate bending element based on the strain approach and the Reissner-Mindlin theory was developed by Belounar and Guenfoud (Belounar and Guenfoud, 2005). The success of the strain approach has been confirmed by several 3-D plates elements (Belarbi and Charif, 1998;Belounar and Guerraiche, 2014;Guerraiche et al, 2018;Khiouani et al, 2020;Messai et al, 2018) and plate bending elements (Belounar et al, 2018(Belounar et al, , 2019(Belounar et al, , 2020Boussem and Belounar, 2020). This approach has been applied to the development of elements for general plane elasticity problems (Bouzidi et al, 2019;Fortas et al, 2019).…”