Static stress changes as a triggering mechanism of a shallow earthquake: case study of the 1999 Chi–Chi (Taiwan) earthquake

Wang, Jeng-Cheng; Shieh, Chiou-Fen; Chang, Tzu-Heng

doi:10.1016/s0031-9201(02)00175-9

Cited by 18 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Unlike strike‐slip systems, thrust faults are often “blind,” meaning that the fault does not reach the Earth's surface, which profoundly alters the stress transfer. Previous investigations of continental thrust events [ Stein et al , 1994; Harris et al , 1995; Deng and Sykes , 1997; Hardebeck et al , 1998; Wang and Chen , 2001; Wang et al , 2003] and subduction earthquakes [ Dmowska et al , 1988; Taylor et al , 1996, 1998; Parsons , 2002] pointed to the important role of stress interaction. However, the common features of stress transfer in thrust systems are still poorly understood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stress triggering in thrust and subduction earthquakes and stress interaction between the southern San Andreas and nearby thrust and strike‐slip faults

2004

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[1] We argue that key features of thrust earthquake triggering, inhibition, and clustering can be explained by Coulomb stress changes, which we illustrate by a suite of representative models and by detailed examples. Whereas slip on surface-cutting thrust faults drops the stress in most of the adjacent crust, slip on blind thrust faults increases the stress on some nearby zones, particularly above the source fault. Blind thrusts can thus trigger slip on secondary faults at shallow depth and typically produce broadly distributed aftershocks. Short thrust ruptures are particularly efficient at triggering earthquakes of similar size on adjacent thrust faults. We calculate that during a progressive thrust sequence in central California the 1983 M w = 6.7 Coalinga earthquake brought the subsequent 1983 M w = 6.0 Nuñez and 1985 M w = 6.0 Kettleman Hills ruptures 10 bars and 1 bar closer to Coulomb failure. The idealized stress change calculations also reconcile the distribution of seismicity accompanying large subduction events, in agreement with findings of prior investigations. Subduction zone ruptures are calculated to promote normal faulting events in the outer rise and to promote thrust-faulting events on the periphery of the seismic rupture and its downdip extension. These features are evident in aftershocks of the 1957 M w = 9.1 Aleutian and other large subduction earthquakes. We further examine stress changes on the rupture surface imparted by the 1960 M w = 9.5 and 1995 M w = 8.1 Chile earthquakes, for which detailed slip models are available. Calculated Coulomb stress increases of 2-20 bars correspond closely to sites of aftershocks and postseismic slip, whereas aftershocks are absent where the stress drops by more than 10 bars. We also argue that slip on major strike-slip systems modulates the stress acting on nearby thrust and strike-slip faults. We calculate that the 1857 M w = 7.9 Fort Tejon earthquake on the San Andreas fault and subsequent interseismic slip brought the Coalinga fault $1 bar closer to failure but inhibited failure elsewhere on the Coast Ranges thrust faults. The 1857 earthquake also promoted failure on the White Wolf reverse fault by 8 bars, which ruptured in the 1952 M w = 7.3 Kern County shock but inhibited slip on the left-lateral Garlock fault, which has not ruptured since 1857. We thus contend that stress transfer exerts a control on the seismicity of thrust faults across a broad spectrum of spatial and temporal scales.INDEX TERMS: 7209 Seismology: Earthquake dynamics and mechanics; 7230 Seismology: Seismicity and seismotectonics; 7223 Seismology: Seismic hazard assessment and prediction; 8164 Tectonophysics: Stresses-crust and lithosphere; 8123 Tectonophysics: Dynamics, seismotectonics; KEYWORDS: earthquake triggering, thrust and subduction earthquakes, stress transfer, fault interaction, blind thrust, San Andreas Fault Citation: Lin, J., and R. S. Stein (2004), Stress triggering in thrust and subduction earthquakes and stress interaction between the southern San Andreas and nearb...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stress triggering in thrust and subduction earthquakes and stress interaction between the southern San Andreas and nearby thrust and strike‐slip faults

2004

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“…They also mentioned that because numerous aftershocks occurred in the stress shadows, other mechanisms, such as dynamic stress, should be taken into account. Wang et al (2003) extracted the SCS (permanent) changes from the long-period offsets in the modeled stressgrams due to stress waves generated by the mainshock. They related the calculated SCS changes by the mainshock to seismicity at different depths and over different time intervals to ascertain the stress change effects on aftershock triggering.…”

Section: The Chi-chi Earthquake Of 20 September 1999mentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on Aftershocks in Taiwan: A Review

Chen¹,

Leu²,

Chang³

2016

Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci.

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We reviewed studies on aftershocks in Taiwan for the following topics: the spatial-temporal distributions and focal-plane solutions of aftershocks fromof thirty larger earthquakes with magnitudes > 5; the correlations between the mainshock and the largest aftershock based on dependence of the differences in magnitudes (∆M), occurrence times (∆T), epicenters (∆H), and focal depths (∆D) upon the mainshock magnitude, M m ; magnitude-dependence of p-value of Omori's law of aftershocks; the correlation between the b-value of the Gutenberg-Richter's frequency-magnitude law and the p-value; application of the epidemic-type aftershock sequences (ETAS) model to describe the aftershock sequence; the mechanisms of triggering aftershocks; and dynamic modeling of aftershocks. The main results are: (1) The spatial distribution of aftershocks for some earthquakes is consistent with the recognized fault; (2) Unlike Båth's law, ∆M slightly increases with M m ; (3) ∆T does not correlate with M m ; (4) ∆D does not correlate with M m ; (5) ∆T somewhat increases with ∆D; (6) The p-value slightly increases with M m ; (7) There is a negative correlation between the b-and p-values. (8) There was seismic quiescence over a broader region of Taiwan before the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake; (9) Both the static and dynamic stress changes trigger aftershocks; and (10) Dynamic modeling shows that a decrease in elastic modulus is a significant factor in triggering aftershocks.

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“…where τ and σ are shear stress and normal stress changes caused by the main shock, respectively, and μ is the effective friction coefficient, μ = 0.6 is chosen for the area of Taiwan (Wang et al, 2003).…”

Section: Static Stress and Distribution Of Aftershocksmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The correlations between seismicity rate changes and static stress changes were investigated by Wang et al (2003) using the wavenumber integration method (Herrmann, 1996) with a layered elastic model. In the present paper we use the finite element technique to study the correlations between Chi-Chi aftershocks and the changes in static Coulomb Failure Stresses due to the mainshock, and also the effect of viscoelastic relaxation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Chi-Chi 1999 earthquake: Correlation between the spatio-temporal distribution of aftershocks and viscoelastic stress changes

Shieh

Sheu

2008

Journal of Geodynamics

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Static stress changes as a triggering mechanism of a shallow earthquake: case study of the 1999 Chi–Chi (Taiwan) earthquake

Cited by 18 publications

References 25 publications

Stress triggering in thrust and subduction earthquakes and stress interaction between the southern San Andreas and nearby thrust and strike‐slip faults

Stress triggering in thrust and subduction earthquakes and stress interaction between the southern San Andreas and nearby thrust and strike‐slip faults

Studies on Aftershocks in Taiwan: A Review

The Chi-Chi 1999 earthquake: Correlation between the spatio-temporal distribution of aftershocks and viscoelastic stress changes

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