Statins for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Adults: Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force

Abstract

significantly more common in PXE patients in the intracranial internal carotid artery (75% vs 44%), the arteries of the arms (20% vs 3%), the femoral-popliteal arteries (74% vs 44%), and the infrapopliteal arteries (84% vs 38%). In these arteries, calcification scores also indicated more severe calcification. Severe calcification was significantly more prevalent in PXE patients compared to controls in the internal intracranial carotid artery (36% vs 19%; P < .001), femoral-popliteal arteries (51% vs 31%; P < .001), and infrapopliteal arteries (61% vs 24%; P < .001). In the hospital controls, significant more severe calcification was observed for the thoracic aorta, the mesenteric arteries, and the external iliac arteries. No significant differences in prevalence of arterial calcification were observed in other arterial beds, such as the coronary arteries (45% vs 43%; P ¼ .776), the carotid arteries (52% vs 46%; P ¼ .476), and the abdominal aorta (71% vs 63%; P ¼ .287). Subgroup analyses of patients younger than 55 years only showed similar differences in prevalence of arterial calcifications between PXE patients and controls, with most pronounced calcifications in the arteries of the lower legs (67% vs 8%). Similar patterns were observed in those without concomitant diabetes or renal dysfunction. Comments: This study adds to our information regarding the location of arterial disease in patients with PXE, confirming that leg arteries are commonly involved and more so than a control population of similar demographics. The involvement of the intracranial internal carotid artery might explain the suspected brain involvement in PXE, which has not be clearly investigated in the past. The involvement of arm arteries with calcification is extremely rare without diabetes and/or renal failure and may suggest PXE in patients so discovered at an early age. The major limitation of this study is the use of hospital controls that have disease states, which might confound the interpretation, but the overall effect is likely minor.

The Impact of Coronary Artery Disease and Statins on Survival After Liver Transplantation

“…Dyslipidemia is a major modifiable risk factor for CAD, and the mainstay of therapy includes at least the use of 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methyl‐glutaryl‐coenzyme A reductase inhibitors or statins . There is currently an abundance of literature demonstrating the efficacy of statins in primary and secondary prophylaxis for reducing myocardial infarction, stroke, and CVD‐associated mortality . Furthermore, statin therapy has demonstrated a mortality benefit even in patients with chronic liver disease; however, statins are often avoided in patients with chronic liver disease for fear of hepatotoxicity, even in patients with obstructive and severe CAD .…”

Celiac Disease

“…It may also be referred to as celiac sprue, glutensensitive enteropathy, or nontropical sprue. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] Early epidemiological studies regarded celiac disease as a disease of individuals of Caucasian ancestry, located mainly in Europe and North America. However, further studies in other areas of the world revealed a similar prevalence of celiac disease there.…”

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] In the past, this condition was considered a rare disorder, mostly affecting individuals of European origin, with onset have shown that CD is one of the commonest, lifelong disorders affecting mankind all over the world. Many developing countries in Asia including Indonesia are likely to have increasing incident of celiac disease in the near future given the diffuse tendency to adopt Western, gluten-rich dietary patterns.…”

Trends in Hospitalizations for Celiac Disease in the United States

“…As of now, there is also no currently approved therapeutic medication for CD, however, there are some therapeutic agents currently in clinical trials. The only therapy available for CD is a strict adherence to a 100% gluten free diet [19]. Compliance with a strict gluten free diet can be difficult as foods can be contaminated with traces of gluten in the process of preparing.…”