Statistical analysis of electromagnetic radiation measurements in the vicinity of GSM/UMTS base station installed on buildings in Serbia

Koprivica, Mladen; Slavkovic, Vladimir; Nešković, Nataša; Nešković, Aleksandar

doi:10.1093/rpd/ncv372

Cited by 37 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Hence, there is a study was conducted in Nigeria as a step to determine whether the level of EMF meet the standards have been established by ICNIRP [12]. Furthermore, many recent studies have focused on measurement and assessment of electric field strength (E) levels and there is a study carried out the measurements at various places near the cell towers inside residential areas in Kirkuk, Iraq and found that the radiation levels were above the recommended values [1, [14][15][16][17][18][19].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure level from selected base station tower around Kuala Nerus: a preliminary analysis

Dianah

Umar

Kamarudin

et al. 2018

J. Fundam and Appl Sci.

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Health risk due to RF radiation exposure from base station tower (BST) has been debated for years leading to public concerns. Thus, this preliminary study aims to measure, evaluate and analyze the exposure level on three selected BST around Kuala Nerus. The measurement of exposure level in terms of voltage amplitude (dBmV) data were recorded using spectrum analyzer. The trend of exposure level shows that the characteristics of environment around the BST sites contribute to the variation of voltage amplitude for all study sites. Besides, the radiation exposure level of BST depends on several factors such as: the distance from the radiation sources, the height of the tower, tilt and direction of the antennas fixed on the top of the tower, the number of antennas on single tower, the type of radiation pattern, the direction of main beam of radiation, the feeding power and the operating frequency.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure level from selected base station tower around Kuala Nerus: a preliminary analysis

Dianah

Umar

Kamarudin

et al. 2018

J. Fundam and Appl Sci.

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show abstract

“…Because there is a growing number of base stations being placed into crowded places; measuring, evaluating the levels of RF-EMF and controlling their compliance with standards/limit values has become more crucial than before. Therefore, detrimental effects of RF-EMF on human health have been the subject of many researches [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] in the last decade.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination the Effect of Establishment of 4g Systems on Electromagnetic Radiation Levels in a Pilot District

Kurnaz¹,

Yıldız²,

Karagöl³

2017

RAD Conference Proceedings

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Abstract. The level of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) exposure increases day by day as a natural consequence of technological development. In recent years, the increasing use of cellular systems due to technological developments in wireless communication systems has made it necessary to measure and evaluate RF-EMF originating from base stations which are the basic structure of these systems. In Turkey, as in April 2016, fourth generation of wireless mobile communication technology (4G) has been introduced and additional base stations are continuing to be added to the system. In this study, RF-EMF measurements were taken at four different times in order to examine and evaluate the change of RF-EMF before and after 4G in Atakum district which is one of the most crowded districts of Samsun, Turkey. Two of the measurements were taken before 4G and the remaining measurements were taken after 4G. Each measurement was taken at different times of the day (morning, noon and evening). The measurements were collected from 46 different locations using PMM 8053 RF-EMF meter which measures RF-EMF in the broad band from 100 kHz to 3 GHz. In the measurements, the maximum electric field strength (Emax) and the average electric field strength (Eavg) were recorded. The highest values that have been noticed in these measurements were 9.45 V/m and 17.53 V/m for Eavg and Emax, respectively. According to the measurement results, a decrease of 45.95% was observed in the measurement values of the morning hours compared to the measurement values of the evening and noon hours. The average RF-EMF value after 4G was introduced has increased by 30.95% compared to before 4G. Apart from these measurements, 24-hour measurements were taken at a location where the highest value was observed and analyzed to observe the change of RF-EMFs during a day.

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“…Measuring and evaluating the RF-EMF emitted by base stations and wireless systems, and controlling their compliance with standards/limit values is of great importance for human health and helps to take precautions. Therefore, many researches [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] have been focused on the measurement and assessment of electric field strength (E) that is emitted from wireless devices. Determining especially the change in emitted E levels from base stations depending on usage density at particular times of day has great importance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring of Long Term Rf Radiation Due to Cellular Base Stations

Kurnaz¹,

Engiz²,

Turgut³

2017

RAD Conference Proceedings

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Abstract. In parallel with technological developments, cellular systems and therefore base stations have begun to take up more space in our daily lives. Since each base station behaves like a radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) source, this increase in base stations leads to an increase in the value of RF-EMF. Therefore, it is very important to measure and evaluate the RF-EMF emitted from the base stations regarding its influence on human health. In this study, RF-EMF measurements were taken in ten different locations (schools, hospitals, homes, shopping malls, etc.) during 24 hours to investigate the time/location dependent changes in RF-EMF. For the measurement, the PMM8053 EMF meter measuring the total RF-EMF in the frequency range of 100 kHz-3 GHz was used, the highest electric field strengths (Emax) in the environment and the average electric field strengths (Eavg) were recorded. The measurement results show that the electric field strengths (E) originating from the base stations change significantly depending on the measurement location and time (usage intensity). The changes in E measured during the daytime in the home environment are softer, while for workplaces they are sharper due to opening/closing time. It is seen from the measurements that the highest Emax is 7.88V/m and the highest Eavg is 2.95V/m. In order to analyze the 24-hour measurements more precisely, four specific time intervals such as morning (6am-12am), afternoon (12am-6pm), evening (6pm-12pm) and night (12pm-6am) were selected. The mean E value for morning is 1.55V/m, while they are 1.94V/m, 1.48V/m and 1.16V/m for afternoon, evening and night respectively. E level at night increases by 67.2% compared to in the afternoon. At the end of the study, daily variations of E values were examined and empirical models were proposed using curve fitting methods. With the use of these models, the E in the environment can be predicted with an accuracy of up to 95%.

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Statistical analysis of electromagnetic radiation measurements in the vicinity of GSM/UMTS base station installed on buildings in Serbia

Cited by 37 publications

References 52 publications

Exposure level from selected base station tower around Kuala Nerus: a preliminary analysis

Exposure level from selected base station tower around Kuala Nerus: a preliminary analysis

Determination the Effect of Establishment of 4g Systems on Electromagnetic Radiation Levels in a Pilot District

Monitoring of Long Term Rf Radiation Due to Cellular Base Stations

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