Statistical Analysis of the Prostatic Cancer Patients Found Between 1985 and 1986 in Gunma Prefecture

Nakata, Seiji; Matsuo, Yasushige; Shimizu, Nobuaki; Kawashima, Katsuhiro; Imai, Katsuji; Yamanaka, Hidetoshi; Kurosawa, Isao; Kiren, Hideo; Miki, Masaya; Shimizu, Kamon

doi:10.2974/kmj1951.38.143

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“…Advanced cases were defined by a diagnosis of extraprostatic or metastatic cancer involving lymph nodes or other organs. If this information was not available, advanced cases were defined as those with a high Gleason score (8)(9)(10) or poor differentiation. These criteria were selected to allow the identification of advanced cases with a high likelihood of…”

Section: Follow-upmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6 Interestingly, five studies found no positive association between smoking and prostate cancer incidence in Japan, albeit that analysis was not done according to stage. [7][8][9][10][11] However, one report showed that smoking of 35 or more cigarettes per day increased the risk of prostate cancer mortality, 12 while a meta-analysis also showed that current smokers had an increased risk of fatal prostate cancer. 5 These findings suggest that the effects of smoking might differ according to stage.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Alcohol and smoking and subsequent risk of prostate cancer in Japanese men: The Japan Public Health Center‐based prospective study

Sawada¹,

Inoue

Iwasaki³

et al. 2013

Intl Journal of Cancer

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Although alcohol and smoking have not been established as risk factors for prostate cancer, they are important risk factors for other human cancers and potentially major avoidable factors. Alcohol drinkers and smokers might be less likely to get screening, which might lead to attenuation of the positive association. Here, we investigated the association of alcohol drinking and smoking and prostate cancer according to stage, as well as prostate cancer detected by subjective symptoms, in a large prospective study among Japanese men. The Japan Public Health Center-based prospective study (JPHC study) was established in 1990 for Cohort I and in 1993 for Cohort II. Subjects were 48,218 men aged 40-69 years who completed a questionnaire, which included their alcohol and smoking habits at baseline, and who were followed until the end of 2010. During 16 years of follow-up, 913 men were newly diagnosed with prostate cancer; of whom 248 had advanced cases, 635 were organlocalized and 30 were of an undetermined stage. Alcohol consumption was dose-dependently associated with advanced prostate cancer [nondrinkers: reference, 0-150 g=week: hazard ratio (HR) 5 1.23, 95% confidence interval (CI) 5 0.83-1.82; 150-300 g=week: HR 5 1.51, 95% CI 5 1.04-2.19; 300 g=week: HR 5 1.41, 95% CI 5 0.97-2.05, p for trend 5 0.02]. The positive association was not substantially changed among cancers detected by subjective symptoms. Smoking was inversely associated with prostate cancer among total subjects, but tended to increase the risk of advanced prostate cancer detected by subjective symptoms. In conclusion, abstinence from alcohol and prohibition of smoking might be important factors in the prevention of advanced prostate cancer.Alcohol and smoking are important risk factors for human cancers and potentially major avoidable factors. The report by the World Cancer Research Fund=American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF=AICR) on nutrition, physical activity and cancer concluded that the data were too limited to determine an association between alcohol and prostate cancer. 1 Further, a recent meta-analysis of 50 case-control and 22 cohort studies concluded that there was no evidence of a material association between alcohol drinking and prostate cancer. 2 However, questions remain about the effects of alcohol use at higher intake. Given that the proportion of heavy drinkers has been increasing for decades in Japan, 3 research in Japan might help answer these unsolved questions. Moreover, the effects of alcohol in different histological grades of prostate cancer are also controversial. It is possible that previous studies were affected by detection bias associated with screening, such as prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening, which would mask an association if alcohol drinkers were less likely to get screening.With regard to tobacco, the International Agency for Research on Cancer does not consider prostate cancer to be tobacco-related. 4 A recent meta-analysis of 24 prospective cohort studies showed no increased risk of incident pros...

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Section: Follow-upmentioning

confidence: 99%