Statistical Characterization of the Indoor Low-Voltage Narrowband Power Line Communication Channel

Wake-up transceiver protocol for power line communications

“…For each packet transmission within the simulation, one of those nine TFs is chosen randomly and the signal is folded with the power-normalized impulse response of the channel that is generated from (5) via inverse Fourier transform. This approach resulted in TFs that, in the frequency range of interest (up to 200 kHz), show frequency-selective variations in attenuation of up to 25 dB which corresponds to [21], [24], [26]. Furthermore, the root-mean-square delay-spread of the channels is between 0.9 µs and 3.4 µs which is congruent with the measurement results reported in [22] and [24].…”

“…In addition to that, multiple reflections due to the relatively low signal-attenuation of NB-PLC signals may cause soft notches in the transfer function (TF) [22]. Reports from measurement campaigns show that the characteristics of TFs of NB-PLC are highly random and vary significantly with the location of the measurement [21], [23], [24]. For this reason, we propose a model that incorporates all the generally accepted properties of NB-PLC TFs, but randomly generates the precise channel characteristics.…”

“…This approach resulted in TFs that, in the frequency range of interest (up to 200 kHz), show frequency-selective variations in attenuation of up to 25 dB which corresponds to [21], [24], [26]. Furthermore, the root-mean-square delay-spread of the channels is between 0.9 µs and 3.4 µs which is congruent with the measurement results reported in [22] and [24]. After folding the transmission signal with the randomly chosen channel impulse response, the aforementioned noise is added to the signal.…”

Hybrid PLC‐VLC channel model and spectral estimation using a nonparametric approach

“…The works proposed by Liu et al and Galli deal with frequencies from 1.8 to 300 MHz. Canete et al, Gassara et al, and Tlich et al reported measurements and analytical results for frequency bands between 0 and 30 MHz, 0 and 500 kHz, and 30 kHz and 100 MHz, respectively. Tonello et al presented a statistical characterisation of the in‐home PLC channel from measurements done in Italy.…”

“…It follows from this work that the origin of the short‐term variation of the PLC indoor channel is related to the behaviour of the devices connected to the network. In the work of Gassara et al, frequency bands such as those of CENELEC, FCC, and ARIB were analysed. The report shows a low channel gain in frequencies of up to 500 kHz when compared with channel gain in the frequency range analysed in aforementioned works; on the contrary, the root mean square delay spread (DS) exhibits high values when compared with the results in the work of Tonello et al The low‐frequency PLC channel exhibits a capacity upper bounded by about 6.31 Mbps for −13 and −80 dBm/Hz of a power spectral density (PSD) of the transmitted signal and white noise, respectively .…”