Statistical Distribution of Intensity Fluctuations for Underwater Wireless Optical Channels in the Presence of Air Bubbles

Light based underwater wireless communications

“…This fact has recently been proven by a series of recent experimental results in Refs. [45][46][47]171, studying respectively the impact of air bubbles, and inhomogeneous salinity and temperature. 4.3.1 Underwater optical channel model in the presence of air bubbles.…”

“…174,175) It was only recently that the impact of bubbles on the distribution of irradiance has been investigated through a set of laboratory experiments. 47,171) These works essentially show that in the presence of air bubbles the distribution of the irradiance is accurately modeled by a mixture of the exponential distribution and the log-normal distribution which can also be replaced by the Gamma distribution. The presence of the log-normal distribution or equivalently the Gamma distribution agrees with previous studies suggesting its use to model underwater optical channels.…”

“…47, it is used to model the loss in the received energy caused by air bubbles. 47,171) Moreover, the use of Gamma distribution instead of the lognormal in the mixture model has been found to achieve a slightly higher accuracy. 47) The Gamma-exponential mixture model thus becomes more attractive, knowing that from a performance analysis point of view, the Gamma distribution is much more tractable.…”

“…With the recent development of accurate and tractable mathematical models for the underwater turbulence channel, the challenge of UWOC channel modeling is nearly resolved. [45][46][47]171) However, more system level tests including vertical link configurations need to be performed in a realistic underwater environment.…”