Statistical Evaluation of the Production of Urea Fertilizer-Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes using Plackett Burman Experimental Design

Yatim, Norazlina Mohamad; Shaaban, Azizah; Dimin, Mohd Fairuz; Yusof, Faridah

doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.06.358

Cited by 20 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…This value indicates a match between the predicted value and the actual value. A slight difference between the measured and calculated values indicates the higher suitability of the model [19][20].…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…The last three mentioned aspects are also important, especially if the experiment will be done later on a bigger scale. The Plackett-Burman design can only be used for experiments that are multiples of 4 with 8 as the starting point (N = 8,12,16,20,24,28,32,36). A minimum of 4n experiments is needed for estimating the main effects for 4n-1 factors.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Selection of the Parameters in the Synthesis of Ethylenediamine-Folate Using the Plackett Burman Design

Purnamasari

Septiana²,

Hardianto³

et al. 2022

Indones. J. Chem.

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This study is concerned with synthesizing ethylenediamine-folate (EDA-Folate), which will then be used as a precursor in synthesizing Gd-PEG-DOTA-Folate, a novel targeted-contrast agent for the diagnosis of cancer, employing the Magnetic Resonance Imaging method. This study aims to determine all the parameters affecting the synthesis of EDA-Folate using the Plackett Burman design. The synthesis method included activation of folic acid using dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and N-Hydroxysuccinimide to result in NHS-Folate, followed by conjugation of ethylenediamine with NHS-Folate to produce EDA-Folate. Analysis of the reaction product confirmed that the reaction product was EDA-Folate. From the resulted data, it can also be concluded that there were four significant parameters (out of the ten parameters studied) in the synthesis of EDA-Folate (with its value presented in the bracket), i.e., time inactivation of NHS-Folate (24 h), stirring rate inactivation of NHS-Folate (300 rpm), the mole of EDA (12 moles), and time of EDA-Folate (12 h). Moreover, the value or desirability of the experimental design was found to be 0.875 (which is < 1.0), meaning that the design will produce optimal conditions and thus the optimal yield of the reaction.

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Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selection of the Parameters in the Synthesis of Ethylenediamine-Folate Using the Plackett Burman Design

Purnamasari

Septiana²,

Hardianto³

et al. 2022

Indones. J. Chem.

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“…In order to determine the optimum level of design parameters for UF-MWCNTs fertilizer production, Central Composite Design (CCD) of RSM was applied. The selected design parameters used are in accordance with the previous work reported by [30]. The weight % of f-MWCNTs and functionalization reflux time were assessed at five levels: −1.682, −1, 0, +1, and +1.682 as presented in Table 1.…”

Section: Optimization By Response Surface Methodology (Rsm)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Response Surface Methodology for Optimization of Urea Grafted Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes in Enhancing Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Nitrogen Uptake by Paddy Plants

Yatim

Shaaban

Dimin

et al. 2016

Journal of Nanotechnology

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Efficient use of urea fertilizer (UF) as important nitrogen (N) source in the world’s rice production has been a concern. Carbon-based materials developed to improve UF performance still represent a great challenge to be formulated for plant nutrition. Advanced N nanocarrier is developed based on functionalized multiwall carbon nanotubes (f-MWCNTs) grafted with UF to produce urea-multiwall carbon nanotubes (UF-MWCNTs) for enhancing the nitrogen uptake (NU) and use efficiency (NUE). The grafted N can be absorbed and utilized by rice efficiently to overcome the N loss from soil-plant systems. The individual and interaction effect between the specified factors of f-MWCNTs amount (0.10–0.60 wt%) and functionalization reflux time (12–24 hrs) with the corresponding responses (NUE, NU) were structured via the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on five-level CCD. The UF-MWCNTs with optimized 0.5 wt% f-MWCNTs treated at 21 hrs reflux time achieve tremendous NUE up to 96% and NU at 1180 mg/pot. Significant model terms (pvalue < 0.05) for NUE and NU responses were confirmed by the ANOVA. Homogeneous dispersion of UF-MWCNTs was observed via FESEM and TEM. The chemical changes were monitored by FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy. Hence, this UF-MWCNTs’ approach provides a promising strategy in enhancing plant nutrition for rice.

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“…In general, the functionalization process leads to changes in four regions of the FTIR spectra. These four regions are (-C-O) stretch between 1000 and 1300 cm −1 [36,40,41], (-C=C) aromatic stretch between 1500 and 1600 cm −1 [40][41][42], (-C=O) carboxylic acids between 1650 and 1730 cm −1 [36,40,41,43,44], and (-O-H) carboxylic acids hydrogen stretch between 2400 and 3400 cm −1 [37, Figure 4 shows the FTIR spectra of the chemically functionalized HCNTs in comparison to the pristine HCNTs sample.…”

Section: Fourier-transform Infrared (Ftir) Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Functionalization of Helical Carbon Nanotubes: Influence of Sonication Time and Concentrations of Sulfuric and Nitric Acids with 3 : 1 Mixing Ratio

Taklimi

Ghazinezami

Askari

2019

Journal of Nanomaterials

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Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with straight geometries have been widely studied for various engineering applications, and they are often treated or functionalized to improve their effectiveness, depending on their role and expected performance. However, helical configurations of CNTs (HCNTs) have not been sufficiently investigated, especially in their functionalized states for high-performance nanocomposite applications. The coil-shaped geometry of these HCNTs increases the mechanical entanglement of these nanotubes with a host resin system when they are used as reinforcements. This consequently has the potential to improve the mechanical, thermal, electrical, and magnetic properties of the polymeric matrix systems. A uniform dispersion of CNTs in the resin plays an important role in obtaining improved and consistent properties in the final nanocomposite part. To improve the homogeneous dispersion (individual suspension) of these nanotubes in the host resin and to enhance their interactions/bonds with the resin molecules, the surface of these nanotubes should be modified. This study investigates a sonication method for chemical functionalization of HCNTs using a mixture of sulfuric and nitric acids with 3 to 1 mixing ratio [3 : 1], and it evaluates the effects of acid concentrations and sonication time on the severity of the functionalization process. To evaluate the effectiveness of the process parameters, the functionalized HCNTs (FHCNTs) were examined using several characterization instruments and techniques such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), visual dispersion test, and Raman spectroscopy. The characterization results confirmed that the changes in process parameters were mostly effective and the atomic structures of the functionalized HCNTs were successfully altered. All FHCNT samples demonstrated higher dispersion uniformity, increase in Raman ID/IG ratios, and changes in the FTIR spectra compared to the pristine HCNTs. Most of the FHCNTs had a reduction in crystallinity, which was consistent with our expectation that functionalization generates more defects on the surface structure of HCNTs, thus leading to a lower intensity of the graphitic peak. The largest reduction in crystallinity was seen for HCNTs treated with a 16 molarity acidic solution; therefore, the HCNTs that were treated with lower molarity acids could be used for further studies and explored for their effective applications in improving the mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of polymeric nanocomposites.

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Statistical Evaluation of the Production of Urea Fertilizer-Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes using Plackett Burman Experimental Design

Cited by 20 publications

References 27 publications

Selection of the Parameters in the Synthesis of Ethylenediamine-Folate Using the Plackett Burman Design

Selection of the Parameters in the Synthesis of Ethylenediamine-Folate Using the Plackett Burman Design

Application of Response Surface Methodology for Optimization of Urea Grafted Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes in Enhancing Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Nitrogen Uptake by Paddy Plants

Chemical Functionalization of Helical Carbon Nanotubes: Influence of Sonication Time and Concentrations of Sulfuric and Nitric Acids with 3 : 1 Mixing Ratio

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