Statistical Foundations for Model-Based Adjustments

Greenland, Sander; Pearce, Neil

doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031914-122559

Cited by 221 publications

(206 citation statements)

References 146 publications

(166 reference statements)

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“…Stepwise regression methods were used in the analysis phase: although this is used frequently in epidemiological studies, more recently stepwise methods have been challenged by some research groups, arguing that it should not be used for causal analysis. 36 As in all epidemiological studies, the study might be subject to some residual confounding that was not adjusted for. However, arsenic concentrations-which play an important role in drinking water quality elsewhere in Bangladesh-are low in the areas investigated in this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drinking Water Sodium and Elevated Blood Pressure of Healthy Pregnant Women in Salinity-Affected Coastal Areas

et al. 2016

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Coastal areas in Southeast Asia are experiencing high sodium concentrations in drinking water sources that are commonly consumed by local populations. Salinity problems caused by episodic cyclones and subsequent seawater inundations are likely (partly) related to climate change and further exacerbated by changes in upstream river flow and local land-use activities. Dietary (food) sodium plays an important role in the global burden of hypertensive disease. It remains unknown, however, if sodium in drinking water—rather than food—has similar effects on blood pressure and disease risk. In this study, we examined the effect of drinking water sodium on blood pressure of pregnant women: increases in blood pressure in this group could severely affect maternal and fetal health. Data on blood pressure, drinking water source, and personal, lifestyle, and environmental confounders was obtained from 701 normotensive pregnant women residing in coastal Bangladesh. Generalized linear mixed regression models were used to investigate association of systolic and diastolic blood pressure of these—otherwise healthy—women with their water source. After adjustment for confounders, drinkers of tube well and pond water (high saline sources) were found to have significantly higher average systolic (+4.85 and +3.62 mm Hg) and diastolic (+2.30 and +1.72 mm Hg) blood pressures than rainwater drinkers. Drinking water salinity problems are expected to exacerbate in the future, putting millions of coastal people—including pregnant women—at increased risk of hypertension and associated diseases. There is an urgent need to further explore the health risks associated to this understudied environmental health problem and feasibility of possible adaptation strategies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drinking Water Sodium and Elevated Blood Pressure of Healthy Pregnant Women in Salinity-Affected Coastal Areas

et al. 2016

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“…Each covariate included in the model was tested first using bivariate analyses to evaluate potential confounding [54], and all the tested covariates were significantly associated with active commuting and neighborhood education level and therefore considered as confounders. No confounding factors regarding the relationship between distance to work and active commuting were considered since our main aim was to evaluate whether the neighborhood education level association vary across distance strata, interpreted as measure modification [55].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neighborhood educational disparities in active commuting among women: the effect of distance between the place of residence and the place of work/study (an ACTI-Cités study)

et al. 2017

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BackgroundActive transportation has been associated with favorable health outcomes. Previous research highlighted the influence of neighborhood educational level on active transportation. However, little is known regarding the effect of commuting distance on social disparities in active commuting. In this regard, women have been poorly studied. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the relationship between neighborhood educational level and active commuting, and to assess whether the commuting distance modifies this relationship in adult women.MethodsThis cross-sectional study is based on a subsample of women from the Nutrinet-Santé web-cohort (N = 1169). Binomial, log-binomial and negative binomial regressions were used to assess the associations between neighborhood education level and (i) the likelihood of reporting any active commuting time, and (ii) the share of commuting time made by active transportation modes. Potential effect measure modification of distance to work on the previous associations was assessed both on the additive and the multiplicative scales.ResultsNeighborhood education level was positively associated with the probability of reporting any active commuting time (relative risk = 1.774; p < 0.05) and the share of commuting time spent active (relative risk = 1.423; p < 0.05). The impact of neighborhood education was greater at long distances to work for both outcomes.ConclusionsOur results suggest that neighborhood educational disparities in active commuting tend to increase with commuting distance among women. Further research is needed to provide geographically driven guidance for health promotion intervention aiming at reducing disparities in active transportation among socioeconomic groups.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4464-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…2009, Lee et al. 2010, Greenland and Pearce 2015). The optimal number of folds (splits) of the data is debated, but 10 is a common choice and there is a trade-off with greater or less folds (Venables and Ripley 1999).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictive factors for re-displacement in diaphyseal forearm fractures in children—role of radiographic indices

2016

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Background and purpose — Manipulation and cast immobilization is the primary management for diaphyseal forearm fractures in children, and re-displacement is the most common complication. We wanted (1) to analyze the incidence of re-displacement in a group of children treated with close reduction and casting; (2) to determine predictive factors such as demographics, mechanism of injury, affected bone, fracture pattern, degree of initial displacement and angulation, and reduction accuracy; and (3) to determine the prognostic effect of previously defined radiographic indices.Patients and methods — We prospectively studied 269 consecutive children with closed and complete middle-third diaphyseal fractures treated with close reduction and casting from October 2014 to April 2015. Factors analyzed included demographics, initial fracture features, having a non-anatomical reduction, and the radiographic indices of cast quality.Results — There were 189 fractures of both bones (70%) and 80 solitary fractures (30%). The overall re-displacement rate was 11%. According to multivariable analysis, independent predictors of re-displacement were initial angulation >10° (RR =5) and failure to achieve an anatomical reduction (RR =2). Statistically significant radiographic indices regarding increased rate of re-displacement included cast index ≥0.7 (RR =5), Canterbury index ≥1.1 (RR =3), and 3-point index ≥0.8 (RR =6).Interpretation — Our results suggested that fractures with a higher degree of initial angulation and non-anatomical reduction more often result in re-displacement. Moreover, the casting quality examined with the radiographic indices played an important role in the success of a non-operative management.

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Statistical Foundations for Model-Based Adjustments

Cited by 221 publications

References 146 publications

Drinking Water Sodium and Elevated Blood Pressure of Healthy Pregnant Women in Salinity-Affected Coastal Areas

Drinking Water Sodium and Elevated Blood Pressure of Healthy Pregnant Women in Salinity-Affected Coastal Areas

Neighborhood educational disparities in active commuting among women: the effect of distance between the place of residence and the place of work/study (an ACTI-Cités study)

Predictive factors for re-displacement in diaphyseal forearm fractures in children—role of radiographic indices

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