Statistical Histogram-based Blind Frequency Offset Estimation for MPSK and MQAM Signal

A flexible EKF/CKF switching scheme with fast frequency offset estimation method compensating fast RSOP induced by the lightning strikes

“…This method is used before EKF/CKF switching scheme, excluding interference from FO. For baseband signals with MQAM modulation, the constellation diagram of symbols converges to a fixed angle which the signal is modulated [5] . By transforming the signal symbols from Cartesian to polar coordinates, the degree of statistical angle aggregation can effectively reflect the FO in the signal.…”