Statistical Models for Causal Analysis

Retherford, Robert D.; Choe, Minja Kim

doi:10.1002/9781118033135

Cited by 187 publications

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“…The logistic regression equation estimates the effect of a one-unit change in the independent variable (when x is discrete) on the logarithm of odds (log-odds) that the dependent variable takes when controlled for the effects of other independent variables (32)(33)(34) . The parameters in the logistic models were estimated using the maximum likelihood method.…”

Section: Appendix 2 Appendixmentioning

confidence: 99%

A study on body-weight perception, future intention and weight-management behaviour among normal-weight, overweight and obese women in India

Agrawal

Gupta

Mishra

et al. 2013

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: We examined the socio-economic differential in the self-perception of body weight, future intention for weight management and actual weightmanagement behaviour among normal-weight, overweight and obese women in India. Design: A population-based follow-up survey of ever-married women, systematically selected from the second round of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-2, 1998-99) samples, who were re-interviewed after four years in 2003. Setting: Information on women's perception about their own weight, intention of weight management and actual weight-management behaviour were collected through personal interview. Anthropometric measurements were obtained from women to compute their current BMI. Subjects: Three hundred and twenty-five ever-married women aged 20-54 years residing in the national capital territory of Delhi in India. Results: Discrepancy between self-perceived body weight and women's actual body weight was reported. One-quarter of overweight women and one in ten obese women perceived themselves as normal weight. Although a majority of overweight and obese women wanted to reduce their weight, a significant proportion of overweight (one in four) and 4 % of obese women also wanted to maintain their weight as it is. Only one in three overweight and one in four obese women were performing any physical activity to reduce their weight. Conclusions: These findings are important for public health interventions in obesity care. Implementation of health promotion and health education in the community should use effective school education and mass-media programmes to raise awareness of appropriate body weight to combat the growing level of obesity among Indian women. KeywordsObesity Body weight Self-perception Weight management Women IndiaThe prevalence of obesity has been increasing progressively across the globe (1) and excess body weight as a risk factor for mortality and morbidity from a number of diseases, including type 2 diabetes, CVD, hypertension, gallstones, musculoskeletal disorders and certain cancers, causing nearly 3 million deaths every year worldwide, is well documented (1)(2)(3) . Worldwide, at least 2?8 million people die each year as a result of being overweight or obese and an estimated 35?8 million (2?3 %) of global disability-affected life years are caused by overweight or obesity (2) . The worldwide prevalence of obesity more than doubled between 1980 and 2008. In 2008, 10 % of men and 14 % of women globally were obese (BMI $ 30?0 kg/m 2 ), compared with 5 % for men and 8 % for women in 1980. Currently, an estimated 205 million men and 297 million women over the age of 20 years are obese -a total of more than half a billion adults worldwide (3) . Even in countries like India, which are typically known for a high prevalence of undernutrition, a significant proportion of overweight and obese people now coexists with those who are undernourished (4) . Most recent data available from India show that overweight and obesity together among women is 12?6 % and almost simi...

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Section: Appendix 2 Appendixmentioning

confidence: 99%

A study on body-weight perception, future intention and weight-management behaviour among normal-weight, overweight and obese women in India

Agrawal

Gupta

Mishra

et al. 2013

Public Health Nutr.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The summation of the answers to each scale was f Our further analyses show that there is no significant difference among those respondents who hold invalid knowledge in this regard. g In path analysis, the independent and dependent variables are respectively called exogenous and endogenous variables (Retherford and Choe 1993).…”

Section: Recommendationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Knowledge, Attitudes and Behavioral Intentions of Agricultural Professionals Toward Genetically Modified (GM) Foods: A Case Study in Southwest Iran

2012

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While there has been a number of consumers' studies looking at factors that influence individuals' attitudes and behavior toward GM foods, few studies have considered agricultural professionals' intentions in this regard. This study illuminates agricultural professionals' insights toward GM foods in Southwest Iran. A random sample of 262 respondents was studied. The results indicated that the majority of the respondents had little knowledge about GM foods. They perceived few benefits or risks of GM foods.Their perceived benefits and trust in individuals and institutions had positive impacts on the behavioral intentions of the agricultural professionals. The results also revealed that the low knowledge level of the respondents had a negative impact on the behavioral intentions toward GM foods. This state of affairs is problematic, either GM foods have serious problems or the knowledge conveyed to the Iranian agricultural experts is inappropriate. We recommend a well defined communication strategy to provide 2 information in such a way that allows individuals to feel adequately informed about GM foods. Furthermore, the development of trust and knowledge regarding GM foods can be greater when risk analysis frameworks are transparent, risk assessment methodologies are objective, all stakeholders are engaged in the risk management process, and risk communication focuses on consumers.

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“…As they are, these raw coefficients provide the effect of a 1-unit change in the predictor on the log odds of the outcome. A more intuitive interpretation results from calculating the relationship between the number of tests and the actual probability of turnover, which has the advantage of allowing the estimation of turnover probability at meaningful values of the predictors (for a detailed discussion of logistic regression interpretation, see Liao, 1994;Long, 1997;and Rethorford & Choe, 1993). Thus, for example, to use Model 1 for White men gaining entry in 1991 and with mean values on all other variables, increasing the number of cognitive ability tests needed to gain entry from one to two was associated with a decline in turnover probability from .07 to less than .01.…”

Section: Test Repetitions and Training Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Retaking ability tests in a selection setting: Implications for practice effects, training performance, and turnover.

Hausknecht¹,

Trevor²,

Farr³

2002

Journal of Applied Psychology

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This field study investigated the effect of retaking identical selection tests on subsequent test scores of 4,726 candidates for law enforcement positions. For both cognitive ability and oral communication ability selection tests, candidates produced significant score increases between the 1st and 2nd and the 2nd and 3rd test administrations. Furthermore, the repeat testing relationships with posthire training performance and turnover were examined in a sample of 1,515 candidates eventually selected into the organization. As predicted from persistence and continuance commitment rationales, the number of tests necessary to gain entry into the organization was positively associated with training performance and negatively associated with turnover probability. the 1st and 2nd and the 2nd and 3rd test administrations. Furthermore, the repeat testing relationships with posthire training performance and turnover were examined in a sample of 1,515 candidates eventually selected into the organization. As predicted from persistence and continuance commitment rationales, the number of tests necessary to gain entry into the organization was positively associated with training performance and negatively associated with turnover probability. Retaking Ability Tests 3The area of employment-related test preparation is undergoing considerable growth.Moreover, many employers, particularly those in the public sector, allow job applicants to retake employee selection tests. Thus, it is important to gauge, in the employment realm, the effectiveness and implications of what is commonly referred to as test coaching and practice.Although some research has addressed whether coaching and practice generally yield improvements in ability test scores (Kulik, Bangert-Drowns, & Kulik, 1984; and although more recent studies have examined test preparation courses in such contexts as college admission decisions (e.g., Briggs, 2001), no research exists on ability test practice in an employee selection context. Consequently, the important issue of whether retaking such selection tests might change test scores and subsequent hiring decisions has been, as of yet, unexplored. In addition, retaking these tests may have implications that extend beyond employee selection. In this study, we examined cognitive ability and oral communication ability selection tests to understand how scores change with repeat administrations. Furthermore, we investigated whether retaking such tests is related to posthire training performance and employee turnover.Thus, the purpose of this article is threefold. First, we examined the relationship between test practice and test scores. Drawing from research in educational psychology and other fields, we attempted to extend to employment settings the prior findings concerning practice effects on cognitive ability test scores. We also investigated a potential practice effect on oral communication ability test scores for the same sample. Second, we investigated the relationship between the number of attempts to gain entr...

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Statistical Models for Causal Analysis

Cited by 187 publications

References 0 publications

A study on body-weight perception, future intention and weight-management behaviour among normal-weight, overweight and obese women in India

A study on body-weight perception, future intention and weight-management behaviour among normal-weight, overweight and obese women in India

Knowledge, Attitudes and Behavioral Intentions of Agricultural Professionals Toward Genetically Modified (GM) Foods: A Case Study in Southwest Iran

Retaking ability tests in a selection setting: Implications for practice effects, training performance, and turnover.

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