Statistical properties predicted by the ball and chain model of channel inactivation

Liebovitch, Larry S.; Selector, L. Ya.; Kline, Richard

doi:10.1016/s0006-3495(92)81732-0

Cited by 23 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…SHOWING YOUR ID 365 Importantly, this model offers a straightforward explanation of how timing of such channels can be regulated by the length of chain (or tether). The behavior of the ball and chain system was modeled by developing analytical solutions and numerical simulations of the distribution of the time it takes the wandering ball to reach the binding site when the motion of the ball is random (Liebovitch et al, 1992). It has been shown that this action can be described by a single exponential law with a rate constant inversely proportional to the square of the length of the chain (Liebovitch et al, 1992).…”

Section: Ball and Chain Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Showing your ID: intrinsic disorder as an ID for recognition, regulation and cell signaling

2005

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Regulation, recognition and cell signaling involve the coordinated actions of many players. To achieve this coordination, each participant must have a valid identification (ID) that is easily recognized by the others. For proteins, these IDs are often within intrinsically disordered (also ID) regions. The functions of a set of well-characterized ID regions from a diversity of proteins are presented herein to support this view. These examples include both more recently described signaling proteins, such as p53, alpha-synuclein, HMGA, the Rieske protein, estrogen receptor alpha, chaperones, GCN4, Arf, Hdm2, FlgM, measles virus nucleoprotein, RNase E, glycogen synthase kinase 3beta, p21(Waf1/Cip1/Sdi1), caldesmon, calmodulin, BRCA1 and several other intriguing proteins, as well as historical prototypes for signaling, regulation, control and molecular recognition, such as the lac repressor, the voltage gated potassium channel, RNA polymerase and the S15 peptide associating with the RNA polymerase S-protein. The frequent occurrence and the common use of ID regions in important protein functions raise the possibility that the relationship between amino acid sequence, disordered ensemble and function might be the dominant paradigm for the molecular recognition that serves as the basis for signaling and regulation by protein molecules.

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Section: Ball and Chain Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Showing your ID: intrinsic disorder as an ID for recognition, regulation and cell signaling

2005

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“…However, analysis of such mutations in Shaker and Kv1.4 K ϩ channels does not show such a clear trend. Some shortenings of the tether actually slow inactivation, suggesting that rather than being a simple tether, 20,33 this region may have some secondary or tertiary structure that constrains the movement and permissible orientations of the inactivation ball. (2) Events, such as drug binding, which occur at the extracellular mouth of the pore, do not alter N-type inactivation, whereas those that occur at the intracellular mouth of the pore do alter N-type inactivation.…”

Section: Properties and Mechanism Of N-type Inactivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inactivation of Voltage-Gated Cardiac K ⁺ Channels

Rasmusson

Morales

Wang

et al. 1998

Circulation Research

133

126

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Abstract-Inactivation is the process by which an open channel enters a stable nonconducting conformation after a depolarizing change in membrane potential. Inactivation is a widespread property of many different types of voltage-gated ion channels. Recent advances in the molecular biology of K ϩ channels have elucidated two mechanistically distinct types of inactivation, N-type and C-type. N-type inactivation involves occlusion of the intracellular mouth of the pore through binding of a short segment of residues at the extreme N-terminal. In contrast to this "tethered ball" mechanism of N-type inactivation, C-type inactivation involves movement of conserved core domain residues that result in closure of the external mouth of the pore. Although C-type inactivation can show rapid kinetics that approach those observed for N-type inactivation, it is often thought of as a slowly developing and slowly recovering process. Current models of C-type inactivation also suggest that this process involves a relatively localized change in conformation of residues near the external mouth of the permeation pathway. The rate of C-type inactivation and recovery can be strongly influenced by other factors, such as N-type inactivation, drug binding, and changes in [K ϩ ] o . These interactions make C-type inactivation an important biophysical process in determining such physiologically important properties as refractoriness and drug binding. C-type inactivation is currently viewed as arising from small-scale rearrangements at the external mouth of the pore. This review will examine the multiplicity of interactions of C-type inactivation with N-terminal-mediated inactivation and drug binding that suggest that our current view of C-type inactivation is incomplete. This review will suggest that C-type inactivation must involve larger-scale movements of transmembrane-spanning domains and that such movements contribute to the diversity of kinetic properties observed for C-type inactivation. (Circ Res. 1998;82:739-750.)

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“…Moreover, in some cases, the kinetics of the processes occurring in ionic channels exhibits a dependence upon previous states (like the recovery of a sodium channel from slow inactivation), and consequently has a rather nonMarkovian character. An alternative approach to the modeling of the inactivation of a voltage-gated ionic channel via the ball and chain mechanism may be found in [5,6,16,17]. All these studies take as a starting point the hypothesis that the inactivation rate is controlled by the diffusion of an inactivating gate in the region, restricted by the length of its tether.…”

Section: The Physical Formulation Of the Ball And Chain Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gating occurs through proper, reversible conformational changes induced by the action of stimuli that lead to the closing/plugging of the channel pore. This study was mostly inspired by earlier experimental and theoretical studies [3][4][5] on a special type of gating, called fast or N-type inactivation. It occurs in voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the possible methods for the mathematical description of the ball and chain model of ion channel inactivation

Małysiak

Grzywna

2008

Cellular and Molecular Biology Letters

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Ion channels are large transmembrane proteins that are able to conduct small inorganic ions. They are characterized by high selectivity and the ability to gate, i.e. to modify their conductance in response to different stimuli. One of the types of gating follows the ball and chain model, according to which a part of the channel's protein forms a ball connected with the intracellular side of the channel by a polypeptide chain. The ball is able to modify the conductance of the channel by properly binding to and plugging the channel pore. In this study, the polypeptide ball is treated as a Brownian particle, the movements of which are limited by the length of the chain. The probability density of the ball's position is resolved by different diffusional operatorsparabolic (including the case with drift), hyperbolic, and fractional. We show how those different approaches shed light on different aspects of the movement. We also comment on some features of the survival probabilities (which are ready to be compared with electrophysiological measurements) for issues based on the above operators.

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Statistical properties predicted by the ball and chain model of channel inactivation

Cited by 23 publications

References 7 publications

Showing your ID: intrinsic disorder as an ID for recognition, regulation and cell signaling

Showing your ID: intrinsic disorder as an ID for recognition, regulation and cell signaling

Inactivation of Voltage-Gated Cardiac K ⁺ Channels

On the possible methods for the mathematical description of the ball and chain model of ion channel inactivation

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Statistical properties predicted by the ball and chain model of channel inactivation

Cited by 23 publications

References 7 publications

Showing your ID: intrinsic disorder as an ID for recognition, regulation and cell signaling

Showing your ID: intrinsic disorder as an ID for recognition, regulation and cell signaling

Inactivation of Voltage-Gated Cardiac K + Channels

On the possible methods for the mathematical description of the ball and chain model of ion channel inactivation

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Inactivation of Voltage-Gated Cardiac K ⁺ Channels