Statistical Survey of Reservoir Phenomenon in Energetic Proton Events Observed by Multiple Spacecraft

Wang, Yan; Lyu, Dan; Xiao, Boxi; Qin, Gang; Zhong, Y.Z.; Lian, Lele

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abda39

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…In this case, the magnetic connection between the spacecraft and the source diffusion region is not good. According to previous results (Zhang et al 2009;Lario 2010;Qin et al 2013;Wang et al 2021), the very slow increase of particle intensity observed by the SOHO spacecraft is probably caused by the interplanetary perpendicular diffusion. In interplanetary space, perpendicular diffusion could be much slower than parallel diffusion, which could explain the slow increase in particle intensity during the rising phase and the equal intensity of particles observed at different locations during the decay phase in this case.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

“…Furthermore, after entering the decay phase of SEP intensities, the intensities observed by the three spacecraft are close to each other, implying that perpendicular diffusion plays an important role during particle propagation. The phenomenon, called the "reservoir" effect, is illustrated and discussed in detail in Anastasiadis et al (2019) and Wang et al (2021). In addition, the particular SEP event has been analyzed by many authors (see references in Anastasiadis et al 2019).…”

Section: Statistical Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Quantitative Relation of the Time Profiles of Intensities in the Well-connected Solar Energetic Particle Events

Wang

Lyu

et al. 2022

ApJ

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In this work, the quantitative relation of the intensity time profiles in the well-connected energetic particle events has been identified. Focusing on the propagation processes of energetic protons in the energy channels of about 13–64 MeV, solar energetic particle (SEP) events observed by STEREO A, STEREO B, and SOHO have been studied. The intensities observed by the spacecraft with the best magnetic connection to the source region tend to rise the fastest and have the highest peak intensities. In the cases without multiple injections or significant acceleration of particles by interplanetary shocks, particle intensities with the highest peaks are fitted by using a solution of the diffusion equation, and the time profiles of particle intensities could be described by two parameters. By fitting 59 energetic proton events, we find that the two parameters satisfy a power-law model in different events, and the distribution of peak time is also obtained. The power-law model helps one to obtain a quantitative relation of SEP intensities with the fitting function, and the distribution of peak time could provide a basis for determining the magnetic connection between the spacecraft and the source region.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Section: Statistical Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Quantitative Relation of the Time Profiles of Intensities in the Well-connected Solar Energetic Particle Events

Wang

Lyu

et al. 2022

ApJ

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“…This can be explained by the so-called "reservoir phenomenon" (Roelof et al 1992;Reames et al 1997), which argues that in the late phase of large SEP events, the SEPs are nearly uniformly distributed throughout the inner heliosphere. Recent studies suggested that magnetic mirroring and the effect of perpendicular diffusion are important in the reservoir phenomenon (Wang et al 2021).…”

Section: Comparison Of Proton Time-intensity Profilesmentioning

confidence: 99%

First Report of a Solar Energetic Particle Event Observed by China’s Tianwen-1 Mission in Transit to Mars

Fu¹,

Ding²,

Zhang³

et al. 2022

ApJL

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Solar energetic particles (SEPs) associated with flares and/or coronal mass ejection (CME)-driven shocks can impose acute radiation hazards on space explorations. To measure energetic particles in near-Mars space, the Mars Energetic Particle Analyzer (MEPA) instrument on board China's Tianwen-1 (TW-1) mission was designed. Here, we report the first MEPA measurements of the widespread SEP event occurring on 2020 November 29 when TW-1 was in transit to Mars. This event occurred when TW-1 and Earth were magnetically well connected, known as the Hohmann–Parker effect, thus offering us a rare opportunity to understand the underlying particle acceleration and transport process. Measurements from TW-1 and near-Earth spacecraft show similar double-power-law spectra and a radial dependence of the SEP peak intensities. Moreover, the decay phases of the time–intensity profiles at different locations clearly show the reservoir effect. We conclude that the double-power-law spectrum is likely generated at the acceleration site and that a small but finite cross-field diffusion is crucial to understanding the formation of the SEP reservoir phenomenon. These results provide insight into particle acceleration and transport associated with CME-driven shocks, which may contribute to the improvement of relevant physical models.

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“…This could also include a particle reservoir effect (e.g. Wang et al (2021); Anastasiadis, Lario, Papaioannou, Kouloumvakos, and Vourlidas (2019), and references therein) in the inner heliosphere which may have contributed to the prolonged duration of the SEP event at STEREO A and Mars.…”

Section: Accepted Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

Observations of a Solar Energetic Particle Event From Inside and Outside the Coma of Comet 67P

et al. 2022

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We analyze observations of an SEP event at Rosetta's target comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko during March 6th-10th 2015. The comet was 2.15AU from the Sun, with the Rosetta spacecraft approximately 70km from the nucleus placing it deep inside the comet's coma and allowing us to study its response. The Eastern flank of an ICME also encountered Rosetta on March 6th and 7th. Rosetta's RPC data indicate increases in ionization rates, and cometary water group pickup ions exceeding 1keV. Increased charge exchange reactions between solar wind ions and cometary neutrals also indicate increased upstream neutral populations consistent with enhanced SEP induced surface activity.In addition, the most intense parts of the event coincide with observations interpreted as an infant cometary bow shock, indicating that the SEPs may have enhanced the formation and/or intensified the observations. These solar transient events may also have pushed the cometopause closer to the nucleus.We track and discuss characteristics of the SEP event using remote observations by SOHO, WIND and GOES at the Sun, in-situ measurements at STEREO A, Mars and Rosetta, and ENLIL modeling. Based on its relatively prolonged duration, gradual and anisotropic nature and broad angular spread in the heliosphere, we determine the main particle acceleration source to be a distant ICME which emerged from the Sun on March 6th 2015 and was detected locally in the Martian ionosphere but was never encountered by 67P directly. The ICME's shock produced SEPs for several days which traveled to the in-situ observation sites via magnetic field line connections.

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Statistical Survey of Reservoir Phenomenon in Energetic Proton Events Observed by Multiple Spacecraft

Cited by 9 publications

References 28 publications

The Quantitative Relation of the Time Profiles of Intensities in the Well-connected Solar Energetic Particle Events

The Quantitative Relation of the Time Profiles of Intensities in the Well-connected Solar Energetic Particle Events

First Report of a Solar Energetic Particle Event Observed by China’s Tianwen-1 Mission in Transit to Mars

Observations of a Solar Energetic Particle Event From Inside and Outside the Coma of Comet 67P

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