Statistical transformations of indices of gingivitis measured non‐invasively

Fleiss, Joseph L.; Park, Molly H.; Bollmer, B W; Lehnhoff, R. W.; Chilton, Neal W.

doi:10.1111/j.1600-051x.1985.tb01400.x

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Alpha diversity measures and relative abundance of microbial taxa at the phylum level were subjected to normality tests (Shapiro-Wilk), and all non-normally distributed data were rank transformed. Correlation analyses were performed using normalized data when appropriate using the arc sin square root function (Fleiss et al, 1985; Varkoohi et al, 2007); however data are depicted as relative OTU’s for ease of interpretation. Correction for multiple comparisons was conducted using the Benjamini-Hochberg step down method (Benjamini et al, 2001) implemented in the QIIME 1.8.0.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Prebiotics and Bioactive Milk Fractions Improve NREM Sleep, Enhance REM Sleep Rebound and Attenuate the Stress-Induced Decrease in Diurnal Temperature and Gut Microbial Alpha Diversity

Thompson

Roller

Mika

et al. 2017

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

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Severe, repeated or chronic stress produces negative health outcomes including disruptions of the sleep/wake cycle and gut microbial dysbiosis. Diets rich in prebiotics and glycoproteins impact the gut microbiota and may increase gut microbial species that reduce the impact of stress. This experiment tested the hypothesis that consumption of dietary prebiotics, lactoferrin (Lf) and milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) will reduce the negative physiological impacts of stress. Male F344 rats, postnatal day (PND) 24, received a diet with prebiotics, Lf and MFGM (test) or a calorically matched control diet. Fecal samples were collected on PND 35/70/91 for 16S rRNA sequencing to examine microbial composition and, in a subset of rats; Lactobacillus rhamnosus was measured using selective culture. On PND 59, biotelemetry devices were implanted to record sleep/wake electroencephalographic (EEG). Rats were exposed to an acute stressor (100, 1.5 mA, tail shocks) on PND 87 and recordings continued until PND 94. Test diet, compared to control diet, increased fecal Lactobacillus rhamnosus colony forming units (CFU), facilitated non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep consolidation (PND 71/72) and enhanced rapid eye movement (REM) sleep rebound after stressor exposure (PND 87). Rats fed control diet had stress-induced reductions in alpha diversity and diurnal amplitude of temperature, which were attenuated by the test diet (PND 91). Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed a significant linear relationship between early-life Deferribacteres (PND 35) and longer NREM sleep episodes (PND 71/72). A diet containing prebiotics, Lf and MFGM enhanced sleep quality, which was related to changes in gut bacteria and modulated the impact of stress on sleep, diurnal rhythms and the gut microbiota.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Prebiotics and Bioactive Milk Fractions Improve NREM Sleep, Enhance REM Sleep Rebound and Attenuate the Stress-Induced Decrease in Diurnal Temperature and Gut Microbial Alpha Diversity

Thompson

Roller

Mika

et al. 2017

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

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“…Gingivitis was assessed in each animal using two clinical indices of gingival inflammation adapted from human dentistry 35 and validated for veterinary use: Gingivitis Index (GI) 36,37 performed under general anesthesia and described in detail (Table 2), and Papillary-Marginal-Gingivitis Index (PMGI), a non-intrusive visual index routinely used in human dentistry for non-invasive scoring of gingivitis. 38,39 This index, for the first time applied in dogs, is described in detail (Table 3).…”

Section: Oral Assessment Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of a Mucoadhesive Gel and Dental Scaling on Gingivitis in Dogs

Bonello

Squarzoni

2008

J Vet Dent

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Twenty client-owned dogs diagnosed with gingivitis were studied over a 45-day period in order to investigate the effect of professional dental prophylaxis combined with the use of a topical mucoadhesive gel containing adelmidrol, an aliamide. A non-intrusive papillary-marginal-gingival index (PMGI) was measured at each assessment, while the gingivitis index (GI) was measured only at the beginning and end of the study. Compared to the control group, the treated dogs had a significant decrease (P < 0.005) in the average GI index during the course of the study. A significant reduction (P < 0.002) in the average PMGI index was observed in both groups 15-days following dental prophylaxis. However at 30 and 45-days following dental prophylaxis, the PMGI index values were significantly different (P < 0.005) from baseline only in treated dogs. These results suggest that the combined use of a mucoadhesive gel with dental scaling was able to improve the regression of gingival inflammation and lengthen the therapeutic benefits of dental scaling and polishing during a limited study period.

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“…Still, there is no getting around the fact that the distribution of whole mouth means in the kinds of trials which we have examined are markedly skewed, which does bother conservative data analysts. In reporting the effect of various transformations of gingivitis scores, Fleiss et al (1985) have stated, "Based on the criteria of nearly normal distributions and the power to detect treatment effects, the square root of the whole-mouth mean is the preferred transformation for use in clinical trials of antigingivitis agents when gingivitis is measured noninvasively." We have also found this to be true in examining a data set from the University of Pennsylvania in which one of us was involved, where the Loe-Silness index, an invasive index, was used for scoring gingivitis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For this reason, "noninvasive" indices, which just involve visual evaluations without probing, have been recomtnended by some investigators. There has been one study, however, which apparently shows that by using enough time between three "invasive" examinations, the third examiner was able to obtain a high level of comparability with previous ones (Bollmer et al 1985).…”

Section: Examiner Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and analysis of plaque and gingivitis clinical trials*

Chilton

Fleiss

1986

J Clinic Periodontology

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It is most important that the proper design of a clinical trial be developed prior to the start of the study. Such a design is one that will not tend to find a treatment to be effective when it really is ineffective, and will not tend to miss a good treatment when it really is effective. The questions to be answered by a clinical trial must be decided in advance and will help determine the design. Trials should take into consideration how the agent is to be used: carefully controlled, ordinary use, subject or professionally applied, etc. The double-blind parallel randomized trial is preferred to the double blind cross-over design, except possibly for a professionally applied treatment which does not leach into the saliva or affect the oral microflora. Blocking or stratification tends to increase the efficiency of a clinical trial, and also may produce more information on the agent's effectiveness. Stratification is preferred to blocking, particularly when subjects enter the trial serially over time. Subjects should be stratified by age, sex and baseline level of plaque or gingivitis. Stratification permits a check on whether the effect of treatment is atypically strong or weak for certain types of patients. Where possible, the same examiner should examine the same patients throughout the study. Examiners should be self-calibrated to reduce intra-examiner error. Plaque and gingivitis trials should be at least of 6 months duration and may be preventive or therapeutic in nature. The preferred statistical analysis when 2 treatments are being compared is a comparison of mean changes in plaque or gingivitis scores by the independent sample t-test. An analysis of covariance using the baseline scores as the covariate may improve power somewhat. When pairwise t-tests are performed in comparing several treatments, multiple comparison criteria are indicated. Parametric rather than nonparametric tests are preferred since they usually have more power. The square root of whole mouth means in gingivitis clinical trials is the preferred transformation to obtain greater power and to produce approximately normal distributions.

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Statistical transformations of indices of gingivitis measured non‐invasively

Cited by 9 publications

References 3 publications

Dietary Prebiotics and Bioactive Milk Fractions Improve NREM Sleep, Enhance REM Sleep Rebound and Attenuate the Stress-Induced Decrease in Diurnal Temperature and Gut Microbial Alpha Diversity

Dietary Prebiotics and Bioactive Milk Fractions Improve NREM Sleep, Enhance REM Sleep Rebound and Attenuate the Stress-Induced Decrease in Diurnal Temperature and Gut Microbial Alpha Diversity

Effect of a Mucoadhesive Gel and Dental Scaling on Gingivitis in Dogs

Design and analysis of plaque and gingivitis clinical trials*

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