Status and perspectives on 100% renewable energy systems

Hansen, Kenneth; Breyer, Christian; Lund, Henrik

doi:10.1016/j.energy.2019.03.092

Cited by 576 publications

(250 citation statements)

References 204 publications

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“…Table 27 also shows the total final energy fuel demand share for all transport sector scenarios in 2050. All known global 100% renewable energy studies presenting details for the transport sector are included [166]. García-Olivares et al [167] do not specify when exactly their 'future' 100% renewable transport sector would be, thus it is estimated by 2050.…”

Section: Comparison To Other Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Transportation Demand Development with Impacts on the Energy Demand and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in a Climate-Constrained World

et al. 2019

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The pivotal target of the Paris Agreement is to keep temperature rise well below 2 °C above the pre-industrial level and pursue efforts to limit temperature rise to 1.5 °C. To meet this target, all energy-consuming sectors, including the transport sector, need to be restructured. The transport sector accounted for 19% of the global final energy demand in 2015, of which the vast majority was supplied by fossil fuels (around 31,080 TWh). Fossil-fuel consumption leads to greenhouse gas emissions, which accounted for about 8260 MtCO2eq from the transport sector in 2015. This paper examines the transportation demand that can be expected and how alternative transportation technologies along with new sustainable energy sources can impact the energy demand and emissions trend in the transport sector until 2050. Battery-electric vehicles and fuel-cell electric vehicles are the two most promising technologies for the future on roads. Electric ships and airplanes for shorter distances and hydrogen-based synthetic fuels for longer distances may appear around 2030 onwards to reduce the emissions from the marine and aviation transport modes. The rail mode will remain the least energy-demanding, compared to other transport modes. An ambitious scenario for achieving zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 is applied, also demonstrating the very high relevance of direct and indirect electrification of the transport sector. Fossil-fuel demand can be reduced to zero by 2050; however, the electricity demand is projected to rise from 125 TWhel in 2015 to about 51,610 TWhel in 2050, substantially driven by indirect electricity demand for the production of synthetic fuels. While the transportation demand roughly triples from 2015 to 2050, substantial efficiency gains enable an almost stable final energy demand for the transport sector, as a consequence of broad electrification. The overall well-to-wheel efficiency in the transport sector increases from 26% in 2015 to 39% in 2050, resulting in a respective reduction of overall losses from primary energy to mechanical energy in vehicles. Power-to-fuels needed mainly for marine and aviation transport is not a significant burden for overall transport sector efficiency. The primary energy base of the transport sector switches in the next decades from fossil resources to renewable electricity, driven by higher efficiency and sustainability.

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Section: Comparison To Other Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Transportation Demand Development with Impacts on the Energy Demand and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in a Climate-Constrained World

et al. 2019

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“…Jacobson et al suggest that a reduction in total energy demand of around 57.1% is consistent with a transition to entirely carbon-neutral energy systems. Estimates of reductions in energy use vary among different analyses [11] but are generally within ten percentage points of each other and of Jacobson et al's estimate. I use the round figure of 45% of available energy per person in the United States (that is, a 55% reduction) in the demi-A scenario as it captures the median of such work and avoids clothing itself in a false precision.…”

Section: How Much Energy and How Much Distance?mentioning

confidence: 68%

Energy Intensity and Human Mobility after the Anthropocene

Mohorčich

2020

Sustainability

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After the Anthropocene, human settlements will likely have less available energy to move people and things. This paper considers the feasibility of five modes of transportation under two energy-constrained scenarios. It analyzes the effects transportation mode choice is likely to have on the size of post-Anthropocene human settlements, as well as the role speed and energy play in such considerations. I find that cars, including battery-electric cars, are not feasible under a highly energy-constrained scenario, that buses, metros, and walking are feasible but will limit human settlement size, and that cycling is likely the only mode of transportation that would make suburbs possible in an energy-constrained post-Anthropocene scenario.Past a certain threshold of energy consumption, the transportation industry dictates the configuration of social space.-Ivan Illich, Energy and Equity Sustainability

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“…Nowadays, both the developed and developing countries have been actively promoting renewable energy for their environmental and economic benefits such as the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, decarbonization, and the diversification of the energy supply in order to reduce the dependence on fossil fuels, especially for the production of electricity, creating economic development and jobs in manufacturing and installation of the systems [1][2][3][4]. Several countries have developed policies and programs to promote the use of renewable energy sources.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computational Fluid Dynamic Simulation of Vertical Axis Hydrokinetic Turbines

Chica¹,

Rubio-Clemente²

2020

Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations

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Hydrokinetic turbines are one of the technological alternatives to generate and supply electricity for rural communities isolated from the national electrical grid with almost zero emission. These technologies may appear suitable to convert kinetic energy of canal, river, tidal, or ocean water currents into electricity. Nevertheless, they are in an early stage of development; therefore, studying the hydrokinetic system is an active topic of academic research. In order to improve their efficiencies and understand their performance, several works focusing on both experimental and numerical studies have been reported. For the particular case of flow behavior simulation of hydrokinetic turbines with complex geometries, the use of computational fluids dynamics (CFD) nowadays is still suffering from a high computational cost and time; thus, in the first instance, the analysis of the problem is required for defining the computational domain, the mesh characteristics, and the model of turbulence to be used. In this chapter, CFD analysis of a H-Darrieus vertical axis hydrokinetic turbines is carried out for a rated power output of 0.5 kW at a designed water speed of 1.5 m=s, a tip speed ratio of 1.75, a chord length of 0.33 m, a swept area of 0.636 m 2 , 3 blades, and NACA 0025 hydrofoil profile.

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Status and perspectives on 100% renewable energy systems

Cited by 576 publications

References 204 publications

Global Transportation Demand Development with Impacts on the Energy Demand and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in a Climate-Constrained World

Global Transportation Demand Development with Impacts on the Energy Demand and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in a Climate-Constrained World

Energy Intensity and Human Mobility after the Anthropocene

Computational Fluid Dynamic Simulation of Vertical Axis Hydrokinetic Turbines

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