Status and Problems of Regenerable Flue Gas Desulfurization Processes

Murthy, Keshava S.; Rosenberg, Harvey S.; Engdahl, R.B.

doi:10.1080/00022470.1976.10470328

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…For many industrial processes, such as petrochemical and nonferrous metal smelting processes, a number of regenerable flue‐gas desulfurization (FGD) processes have been developed for the recovery of sulfur content from the high concentrations of SO 2 (Ratcliffe and Pap, 1980). Theoretically, SO 2 can be converted into several recovery forms, including sulfuric acid, elemental sulfur, liquid sulfur dioxide, and carbon disulfide, which are strongly dependent on the selected approaches (Murthy et al, 1976; Bejarano et al, 2001). Among various FGD processes, the approach associated with the reduction of SO 2 to elemental sulfur has been widely used and requires the use of some effective reducing agents, such as CO and H 2 , and CH 4 , to react with SO 2 (Ratcliffe and Pap, 1980; Murthy et al, 1976).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Theoretically, SO 2 can be converted into several recovery forms, including sulfuric acid, elemental sulfur, liquid sulfur dioxide, and carbon disulfide, which are strongly dependent on the selected approaches (Murthy et al, 1976; Bejarano et al, 2001). Among various FGD processes, the approach associated with the reduction of SO 2 to elemental sulfur has been widely used and requires the use of some effective reducing agents, such as CO and H 2 , and CH 4 , to react with SO 2 (Ratcliffe and Pap, 1980; Murthy et al, 1976). The reaction associated with the use of CO and H 2 for reducing SO 2 to elemental sulfur is However, it should be noted that this process usually requires the use of CH 4 for the generation of CO and H 2 based on the following reaction: On the other hand, the conversion of SO 2 can also be carried out by directly using CH 4 according to the following reaction: where [S] represents the various resulting elemental forms of sulfur species including S 2 , S 6 , and S 8 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sodium T₂* relaxation times in human heart muscle

Pabst¹,

Sandstede²,

Beer³

et al. 2002

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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Purpose: To determine sodium transverse relaxation (T 2 *) characteristics for myocardium, blood and cartilage in humans.Methods: T 2 * measurements were performed using a 3D ECG-gated spoiled gradient echo sequence. A 1.5 Tesla clinical scanner and a 23 Na heart surface coil were used to examine eight healthy volunteers. In biological tissue, the sodium 23 nucleus exhibits a two-component T 2 relaxation due to the spin 3/2 and its quadrupolar nature. The long T 2 * components of normal myocardium, blood, and cartilage were quantified. For myocardium, the T 2 * was determined separately for the septum, anterior wall, lateral wall, and posterior wall. Results:The long T 2 * relaxation time components of 13.3 Ϯ 4.3 msec (septum 13.9 Ϯ 3.2 msec, anterior wall 13.8 Ϯ 5.4 msec, lateral wall 11.4 Ϯ 4.1 msec, posterior wall 14.1 Ϯ 3.7 msec), 19.3 Ϯ 3.3 msec, and 10.2 Ϯ 1.6 msec, were significantly different for myocardium, blood, and cartilage, respectively (P Ͻ 0.00001, Friedman's ANOVA). Conclusion: Measurement of23 Na T 2 * relaxation times is feasible for different regions of the human heart muscle, which might be useful for the evaluation of cardiac pathologies. Key IN RECENT YEARS, there has been an increasing interest in human cardiac23 Na MRI, since in vivo and in vitro animal studies as well as preliminary clinical studies have demonstrated that 23 Na MRI can detect location and extent of myocardial infarction (1-5). With proton imaging, detection of late enhancement after Gd-DTPA is considered to be a robust method of identifying non-viable myocardium (5). However, 23 Na MRI has the potential to give additional insights into the pathophysiology of myocardial infarction, i.e., the changes of ion hemostasis. In comparison to 1 H, the 23 Na MR signal is more than 2 ϫ 10 4 times smaller. This is due to both lower MR sensitivity and smaller concentration of the 23 Na nucleus relative to the 1 H nucleus (6). Another fundamental difference is that the T 1 and T 2 relaxation times of 23 Na, as measured in animal studies (3), are substantially shorter than those of 1 H. The 23 Na nucleus has a complex MR behavior as a result of the spin quantum number 3/2 and its quadrupolar nature (7). Monoexponential as well as biexponential T 2 and T 2 * relaxation behavior was found for in vivo and in vitro animal (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)14) and in vivo human studies (13-15). T 2 and T 2 * relaxation measurements in humans were performed for the brain (13,14), showing a monoexponential behavior for white matter, gray matter, and the vitreous humor. One study of the T 2 relaxation time of the human calf muscle demonstrated a long (28.4 msec) and a short component (2.2 msec) (15). According to a two-component relaxation behavior found in animal heart studies (3,12,16) and the results of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) considerations in human heart (17), a two-component relaxation behavior will be assumed in human heart.For optimization of imaging sequences and examination protocols for dedicated anatomical areas the relaxation times T 1 ...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sodium T₂* relaxation times in human heart muscle

Pabst¹,

Sandstede²,

Beer³

et al. 2002

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Derived from limestone (CaCO 3 ), limewater in effect exchanges CO 2 for SO x to produce a commercial product in the form of gypsum (CaSO 4 ·2H 2 O). Given the usually low SO x concentrations of interest, most FGD systems are once-through processes, generating either a valuable or disposable product; a number of regenerable sorbents have, however, also been investigated …”

Section: Sorbent Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sorbents for the Capture of CO₂ and Other Acid Gases: A Review

Halliday

Hatton

2021

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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The processes that produce CO 2 and other acid gases (SO x , NO x , and H 2 S) generate value for society. However, these gases are environmental pollutants, and their emission into the atmosphere undermines the value they create. In the face of climate change, CO 2 emissions require attention on an unprecedented scale. Abatement technologies focused on carbon capture, storage, and utilization (CCUS) enable the continued use of processes and resources that produce CO 2 (and other acid gases) while minimizing their effect on the environment. This review explores the role sorbents play in emission abatement and the acid gas "economy". We identify 15 sorbent categories, evaluating their performance at both the material and the system levels. We conclude with anticipated research opportunities and future trends in acid gas separation.

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“…The intent of this review is to introduce the·more important of these variables and to suggest their potential signifi-cance· in the transformation of effluents during transport from the source. A number of other recent reviews discuss in greater detail potential new advances in technology which may influence the future character of emissions from fossil-fue1 sources (Hall and Bowen 1976, Murthy et al 1976, White 1977, Coates 1976, Leavitt et aL 1976, CTAB 1975, dflll McDonald 1975.…”

Section: Factors Influencing Emission Chararteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Character and transformation of pollutants from major fossil fuel energy sources

Shriner¹,

McLaughlin²,

Baes³

1977

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Status and Problems of Regenerable Flue Gas Desulfurization Processes

Cited by 9 publications

References 2 publications

Sodium T₂* relaxation times in human heart muscle

Sodium T₂* relaxation times in human heart muscle

Sorbents for the Capture of CO₂ and Other Acid Gases: A Review

Character and transformation of pollutants from major fossil fuel energy sources

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Status and Problems of Regenerable Flue Gas Desulfurization Processes

Cited by 9 publications

References 2 publications

Sodium T2* relaxation times in human heart muscle

Sodium T2* relaxation times in human heart muscle

Sorbents for the Capture of CO2 and Other Acid Gases: A Review

Character and transformation of pollutants from major fossil fuel energy sources

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Sodium T₂* relaxation times in human heart muscle

Sodium T₂* relaxation times in human heart muscle

Sorbents for the Capture of CO₂ and Other Acid Gases: A Review