Status of electroplating based CIGS technology development

Başol, B.M.; Pinarbasi, Mustafa; Aksu, Serdar; Freitag, J. M.; González, P.; Johnson, Terry A.; Matus, Y.; Metin, Burak; Narasimhan, Murali K.; Nayak, Deepak Kumar; Norsworthy, G.; Soltz, David; Wang, J.; Wang, T.; Zolla, Howard

doi:10.1109/pvsc.2009.5411342

Cited by 42 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Başol et al recently reported on a roll‐to‐roll electrodeposition based CIGSe technology. Large area solar cell efficiencies of over 12% were demonstrated using this technology by SoloPower . All solar cells were on metal substrate (Cu, stainless steel) exception of Nexcis which develop their process compatible on both metal and glass substrates.…”

Section: Historical Overview For Industrial Electrodeposition/annealimentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrodeposition of kesterite thin films for photovoltaic applications: Quo vadis?

Colombara

Crossay

Vauche

et al. 2014

Phys. Status Solidi A

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This paper aims at providing an updated overview of the main achievements in the development of solar cells based on Cu 2 ZnSn(S,Se) 4 (CZTS(Se)) Kesterite absorbers obtained by electrodeposition. Although undoubtedly challenging, the ultimate goal is to learn from the past works and build a solid framework for future advances in this field. What is the reason for the lower efficiency of electrodeposited CZTS(Se)-based devices (8%) compared to the world record efficiency achieved with a hydrazine-based solution approach (12.6%)? Can this gap be filled, or there are intrinsic limitations for this achievement? The review is divided into the three main electrodeposition approaches: sequential elemental layer, alloy co-deposition, and chalcogenide co-deposition. It is argued that considerable technical challenges must be overcome for the latter approach to be successfully applied.Plot of the record power conversion efficiencies of Kesterite sulfide-based solar cells obtained by electrodeposition (hollow dots), and world record efficiency of CZTS(Se)-based devices (full dots). The dashed line shows the 15% minimum efficiency threshold considered relevant for potential industrial application.

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Section: Historical Overview For Industrial Electrodeposition/annealimentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrodeposition of kesterite thin films for photovoltaic applications: Quo vadis?

Colombara

Crossay

Vauche

et al. 2014

Phys. Status Solidi A

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“…Bhattacharya et al reported an efficiency of 11.7 and 10.9% for a stacked Cu/In/Ga and CIGSe/Cu/ In precursor layers selenized at 550 °C for 45 min [96,97]. Başol et al reported a total-area efficiency of 13.76% for a 0.48 cm 2 device, 12.5% for cells with area of 120 cm 2 , and 10% for a 1.07 m 2 module exhibiting a total output of [98]. They also have reported a certified efficiency of 14% for 12 cm 2 and 15.36% for 5.4 cm 2 over flexible SS substrates.…”

Section: Compositional Tuning To Avoid Micro-cracksmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The reported efficiency for the devices fabricated through this route is of 14.17% (11.8 cm 2 ), 15.36% (5.4 cm 2 ), and 13.4% (1.5 m 2 ). The above-mentioned routes are presently the most efficient regarding the final efficiencies of CIGSe devices [62,98].…”

Section: Cigse Electrodeposition Schemes and Device Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

A short review on the advancements in electroplating of CuInGaSe2 thin films

Chandran

Panda

Mallik

2018

Mater Renew Sustain Energy

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Thin-film solar cell devices based on copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGSe) chalcogenide materials fabricated by vacuum-based deposition techniques have already achieved lab scale efficiency beyond 21%. For industrial-scale applications, non-vacuum deposition technique such as electrodeposition and screen printing is considered to be suitable approaches for reducing the device fabrication cost. Moreover, electrodeposition has the potential to prepare large area thin films as it requires cheap raw material sources and equipment capital. Hence, it is imperative to understand the current status and advancements in the electroplating techniques of the CIGSe thin films. This article reviews on the experimental advances in electroplating of ternary CuInSe 2 and quaternary CIGSe. Various approaches in electrodeposition, influential experimental parameters, and the deposition mechanisms which are related to the final cell efficiency are discussed in detail.

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“…One of the most critical aspects of the CIGS formation is composition control. Detailed results on the electroplated CIGS composition control and its impact on the cell efficiencies were discussed previously (12). The robustness of the cell properties against small composition variations enhances the manufacturability of the deposition technique.…”

Section: Cigs Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In one of the previous publications, we described the electrolytes and methods for the electrodeposition of In-Se and Ga-Se films [ 10 ], which can be used for the preparation of Ga containing precursors and CIGS layers. Using SoloPower's patented electroplating process, cell efficiencies close to 13.8 % on 0.5 cm 2 and over 12.2 % on 100 cm 2 were previously demonstrated on flexible stainless steel substrates [11,12]. In this paper summary of the recent results for roll to roll processing of CIGS absorber will be given and performance of the flexible modules will be presented.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flexible cells and modules produced using roll-to-roll electroplating approach

Pinarbasi¹,

Aksu²,

Freitag³

et al. 2010

2010 35th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference

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Thin film Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) photovoltaic cells are considered to have a high potential for low cost electricity production due to their demonstrated high conversion efficiencies. Various methods have been used to make thin film CIGS solar cells. In the present approach, a low cost roll-to-roll electroplating process is utilized to deposit the CIGS precursor layers. The electroplating technology provides well controlled composition along the length and width of the flexible substrates demonstrating its suitability as a low cost CIGS precursor deposition method. Precursor layers are then subjected to rapid thermal processing to form a photovoltaic-grade CIGS absorber. The processing is done using roll-to-roll production equipment on a flexible metallic substrate. The CIGS based solar cells are fully finished in roll form and then cut into large area cells. The cells are then interconnected to fabricate panels with about 1.1 m 2 aperture area and about 115W power output. These rigid panels show excellent stability under damp heat test conditions and are certified against both UL and IEC standards. More recent work has focused on lightweight flexible solar modules. These modules open new application areas and can further lower the cost of systems by lowering the installation costs. Flexible modules with aperture area efficiency as high as 11.2 % have been demonstrated. Standard module certification tests, including 1000 hour damp heat test, show very small changes of Pmax .

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Status of electroplating based CIGS technology development

Cited by 42 publications

References 9 publications

Electrodeposition of kesterite thin films for photovoltaic applications: Quo vadis?

Electrodeposition of kesterite thin films for photovoltaic applications: Quo vadis?

A short review on the advancements in electroplating of CuInGaSe2 thin films

Flexible cells and modules produced using roll-to-roll electroplating approach

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