Status of Immunity Following Cure of Recurrent Vivax Malaria 1

Yount, Ernest H.; Coggeshall, L. T.

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1949.s1-29.701

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Although achievable after a single infection, induction of adequate protective immunity usually required repeated infections, and protection against P. falciparum appeared to be acquired more slowly than that against P. vivax or P. malariae. Protective immunity to P. vivax did not persist for a long period of time in the absence of reexposure, as evidenced by the eradication of acute or chronic vivax malaria in previously malaria-naive prisoners and subsequent rechallenge studies with P. vivax sporozoites or trophozoites (326). Immunity was species specific, since immunity to a particular species conferred no protection against challenge with a heterologous species (67,159,161,325).…”

Section: Historical Observations Of Actively Acquired or Induced Immumentioning

confidence: 99%

Acquired Immunity to Malaria

2009

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SUMMARY Naturally acquired immunity to falciparum malaria protects millions of people routinely exposed to Plasmodium falciparum infection from severe disease and death. There is no clear concept about how this protection works. There is no general agreement about the rate of onset of acquired immunity or what constitutes the key determinants of protection; much less is there a consensus regarding the mechanism(s) of protection. This review summarizes what is understood about naturally acquired and experimentally induced immunity against malaria with the help of evolving insights provided by biotechnology and places these insights in the context of historical, clinical, and epidemiological observations. We advocate that naturally acquired immunity should be appreciated as being virtually 100% effective against severe disease and death among heavily exposed adults. Even the immunity that occurs in exposed infants may exceed 90% effectiveness. The induction of an adult-like immune status among high-risk infants in sub-Saharan Africa would greatly diminish disease and death caused by P. falciparum. The mechanism of naturally acquired immunity that occurs among adults living in areas of hyper- to holoendemicity should be understood with a view toward duplicating such protection in infants and young children in areas of endemicity.

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Section: Historical Observations Of Actively Acquired or Induced Immumentioning

confidence: 99%

Acquired Immunity to Malaria

2009

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“…Drug sensitivity testing remains difficult. In an earlier era compounds were tested for activity against hypnozoites in prisoners who had been given malaria [6]. Drug testing in vitro is limited by current difficulties in culture techniques.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systems-Based Analysis of Plasmodium vivax Lifecycle Transcription from Human to Mosquito

et al. 2010

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BackgroundUp to 40% of the world's population is at risk for Plasmodium vivax malaria, a disease that imposes a major public health and economic burden on endemic countries. Because P. vivax produces latent liver forms, eradication of P. vivax malaria is more challenging than it is for P. falciparum. Genetic analysis of P. vivax is exceptionally difficult due to limitations of in vitro culture. To overcome the barriers to traditional molecular biology in P. vivax, we examined parasite transcriptional changes in samples from infected patients and mosquitoes in order to characterize gene function, define regulatory sequences and reveal new potential vaccine candidate genes.Principal FindingsWe observed dramatic changes in transcript levels for various genes at different lifecycle stages, indicating that development is partially regulated through modulation of mRNA levels. Our data show that genes involved in common biological processes or molecular machinery are co-expressed. We identified DNA sequence motifs upstream of co-expressed genes that are conserved across Plasmodium species that are likely binding sites of proteins that regulate stage-specific transcription. Despite their capacity to form hypnozoites we found that P. vivax sporozoites show stage-specific expression of the same genes needed for hepatocyte invasion and liver stage development in other Plasmodium species. We show that many of the predicted exported proteins and members of multigene families show highly coordinated transcription as well.ConclusionsWe conclude that high-quality gene expression data can be readily obtained directly from patient samples and that many of the same uncharacterized genes that are upregulated in different P. vivax lifecycle stages are also upregulated in similar stages in other Plasmodium species. We also provide numerous examples of how systems biology is a powerful method for determining the likely function of genes in pathogens that are neglected due to experimental intractability.

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“…Some patients still developed fever at a fourth and parasitemia at a tenth infection with a homologous strain of P. falciparum (Ciuca et al, 1934). One possible explanation was that 'immunity to a malarial infection exists when the subject is cured and then challenged to a reinfection with the homologous organism ... this residual humoral immunity, however, is rapidly lost ... [with] no evidence of cross immunity with a heterologous strain ... [so] it is more than apparent that there is little reason to hope for an effective vaccine for malaria' (Yount and Coggeshall, 1949). However, if this 'rapid loss' existed, the rate of loss was uncertain-for example, 'homologous immunity to superinfection persists for as long as a year and may last seven years' (Boyd, 1949)-and might differ with different methods of parasite transfer, for example, as 'a temporary immunity to reinfection by the homologous organism, lasting up to two months with trophozoite inoculation and up to 13½ months with sporozoite inoculation' (Schwartz et al, 1950).…”

Section: Homologous and Heterologous Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another set of difficulties arose with 'premunition' (Sergent et al, 1924(Sergent et al, , 1925, the doctrine that 'resistance to a malaria infection is dependent upon an existing infection, either active or subclinical' (Yount and Coggeshall, 1949): that is, some responses to seeming re-infection might actually be responses to superinfection. One implication of latency or sub-detectable parasitemia (see below) was that, at least with respect to homologous immunity, 'we never know when any one is cured.…”

Section: Homologous and Heterologous Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

Chapter 1 Strain Theory of Malaria

McKenzie

Smith

O’Meara

et al. 2008

Advances in Parasitology Volume 66

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From the 1920s to the 1970s, a large body of principles and evidence accumulated about the existence and character of 'strains' among the Plasmodium species responsible for human malaria. An extensive research literature examined the degree to which strains were autonomous, stable biological entities, distinguishable by clinical, epidemiological or other features, and how this knowledge could be used to benefit medical and public health practice. Strain theory in this era was based largely on parasite phenotypes related to clinical virulence, reactions to anti-malarial drugs, infectivity to mosquitoes, antigenic properties and host immunity, latency and relapse. Here we review the search for a definition of 'strain', suggest how the data and discussion shaped current understandings of many aspects of malaria and sketch a number of specific connections with perspectives from the past 30 years.

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Status of Immunity Following Cure of Recurrent Vivax Malaria 1

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Acquired Immunity to Malaria

Acquired Immunity to Malaria

A Systems-Based Analysis of Plasmodium vivax Lifecycle Transcription from Human to Mosquito

Chapter 1 Strain Theory of Malaria

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