Status of Insecticide Resistance in Papua New Guinea: An Update from Nation-Wide Monitoring of Anopheles Mosquitoes

Koimbu, Gussy; Czeher, Cyrille; Katusele, Michelle; Sakur, Muker; Kilepak, Lemen; Tandrapah, Anthony; Hetzel, Manuel W; Pulford, Justin; Robinson, Leanne J.; Karl, Stephan

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.17-0454

Cited by 18 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Extensive insecticide resistance monitoring using WHO-tube assays was conducted prior to, during and after this study and with larvae collected from the same habitats, confirming full susceptibility of these wild-caught mosquitoes to deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, DDT, Bendiocarb and Malathion insecticides. Overall, there is no indication of pyrethroid, and especially deltamethrin, resistance in Anopheline populations from anywhere in PNG 19 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…with solar-powered lights) allows people to be active much longer into the night than previously, even in remote PNG communities, which may enhance human-vector contact further. While insecticide resistance will have a detrimental effect on LLIN bioefficacy 17 , 18 regular insecticide resistance monitoring activities show no signs of emerging pyrethroid resistance in the anopheline mosquito populations in PNG since the beginning of the LLIN distributions 19 . This stands in contrast to recently found high levels of pyrethroid resistance in Aedes aegypti populations in PNG 20 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Decreased bioefficacy of long-lasting insecticidal nets and the resurgence of malaria in Papua New Guinea

et al. 2020

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Papua New Guinea (PNG) has the highest malaria transmission outside of Africa. Longlasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) are believed to have helped to reduce average malaria prevalence in PNG from 16% in 2008 to 1% in 2014. Since 2015 malaria in PNG has resurged significantly. Here, we present observations documenting decreased bioefficacy of unused LLINs with manufacturing dates between 2013 and 2019 collected from villages and LLIN distributors in PNG. Specifically, we show that of n = 167 tested LLINs manufactured after 2013, only 17% are fulfilling the required World Health Organisation bioefficacy standards of ≥ 80% 24 h mortality or ≥ 95% 60 min knockdown in bioassays with pyrethroid susceptible Anopheles farauti mosquitoes. In contrast, all (100%, n = 25) LLINs with manufacturing dates prior to 2013 are meeting these bioefficacy standards. These results suggest that decreased bioefficacy of LLINs is contributing to the malaria resurgence in PNG and increased scrutiny of LLIN quality is warranted.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decreased bioefficacy of long-lasting insecticidal nets and the resurgence of malaria in Papua New Guinea

et al. 2020

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“…It is assumed that the increase in resistance to pyrethroids over the past decade is due in part to the higher coverage of insecticide-based interventions, such as LLINs. However, studies have shown conflicting results with some reports of increasing resistance following bednet distributions [ 24 – 27 ], and other reports of no increases despite sustained insecticidal campaigns [ 28 – 30 ]. Although ascertaining the effect of bednet coverage was not a primary goal of this study, it was possible to investigate the impact of net use through cross-sectional surveys that were conducted concurrently to resistance measurements.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implications of insecticide resistance for malaria vector control with long-lasting insecticidal nets: trends in pyrethroid resistance during a WHO-coordinated multi-country prospective study

2018

Parasites Vectors

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BackgroundIncreasing pyrethroid resistance has been an undesirable correlate of the rapid increase in coverage of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) since 2000. Whilst monitoring of resistance levels has increased markedly over this period, longitudinal monitoring is still lacking, meaning the temporal and spatial dynamics of phenotypic resistance in the context of increasing ITN coverage are unclear.MethodsAs part of a large WHO-co-ordinated epidemiological study investigating the impact of resistance on malaria infection, longitudinal monitoring of phenotypic resistance to pyrethroids was undertaken in 290 clusters across Benin, Cameroon, India, Kenya and Sudan. Mortality in response to pyrethroids in the major anopheline vectors in each location was recorded during consecutive years using standard WHO test procedures. Trends in mosquito mortality were examined using generalised linear mixed-effect models.ResultsInsecticide resistance (using the WHO definition of mortality < 90%) was detected in clusters in all countries across the study period. The highest mosquito mortality (lowest resistance frequency) was consistently reported from India, in an area where ITNs had only recently been introduced. Substantial temporal and spatial variation was evident in mortality measures in all countries. Overall, a trend of decreasing mosquito mortality (increasing resistance frequency) was recorded (Odds Ratio per year: 0.79 per year (95% CI: 0.79–0.81, P < 0.001). There was also evidence that higher net usage was associated with lower mosquito mortality in some countries.DiscussionPyrethroid resistance increased over the study duration in four out of five countries. Insecticide-based vector control may be compromised as a result of ever higher resistance frequencies.

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“…Mosquitoes were reared to adult stage in a permanent (Madang) or temporary (Port Moresby) insectary. Bioassays were conducted as previously described [18] using WHO standard methodology, and limiting concentration filter papers obtained from School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, which is the regional centre manufacturing these commodities. Assays were always accompanied by at least one control of 20 mosquitoes (20 per cylinder).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insecticide resistance status of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes in Papua New Guinea

et al. 2019

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Background Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus are important vectors of infectious diseases, especially those caused by arboviruses such as dengue, chikungunya and Zika. Aedes aegypti is very well adapted to urban environments, whereas Ae. albopictus inhabits more rural settings. Pyrethroid resistance is widespread in these vectors, but limited data exist from the Southwest Pacific Region, especially from Melanesia. While Aedes vector ecology is well documented in Australia, where incursion of Ae. albopictus and pyrethroid resistance have so far been prevented, almost nothing is known about Aedes populations in neighbouring Papua New Guinea (PNG). With pyrethroid resistance documented in parts of Indonesia but not in Australia, it is important to determine the distribution of susceptible and resistant Aedes populations in this region. Methods The present study was aimed at assessing Aedes populations for insecticide resistance in Madang and Port Moresby, located on the north and south coasts of PNG, respectively. Mosquitoes were collected using ovitraps and reared in an insectary. Standard WHO bioassays using insecticide-treated filter papers were conducted on a total of 253 Ae. aegypti and 768 Ae. albopictus adult mosquitoes. Subsets of samples from both species (55 Ae. aegypti and 48 Ae. albopictus ) were screened for knockdown resistance mutations in the voltage-sensitive sodium channel ( Vssc ) gene, the target site of pyrethroid insecticides. Results High levels of resistance against pyrethroids were identified in Ae . aegypti from Madang and Port Moresby. Aedes albopictus exhibited susceptibility to pyrethroids, but moderate levels of resistance to DDT. Mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance were detected in all Ae . aegypti samples screened. Some genotypes found in the present study had been observed previously in Indonesia. No Vssc mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance were found in the Ae. albopictus samples. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first report of pyrethroid resistance in Ae . aegypti mosquitoes in PNG. Interestingly, usage of insecticides in PNG is low, apart from long-lasting insecticidal nets distributed for malaria control. Further investigations on how these resistant Ae . aegypti mosquito populations arose in P...

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Status of Insecticide Resistance in Papua New Guinea: An Update from Nation-Wide Monitoring of Anopheles Mosquitoes

Cited by 18 publications

References 12 publications

Decreased bioefficacy of long-lasting insecticidal nets and the resurgence of malaria in Papua New Guinea

Decreased bioefficacy of long-lasting insecticidal nets and the resurgence of malaria in Papua New Guinea

Implications of insecticide resistance for malaria vector control with long-lasting insecticidal nets: trends in pyrethroid resistance during a WHO-coordinated multi-country prospective study

Insecticide resistance status of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes in Papua New Guinea

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