“…The most popular current MPPT methods are optimal torque method, power signal feedback method, optimal tip speed ratio method, hill climb search method, and perturb and observer method (Hemanth Kumar et al, 2018; Kumar and Chatterjee, 2016; Mousa et al, 2021). A large variety of optimization algorithms with different variants and modifications are proposed to solve many complex engineering problems, which are often non-continuous and non-linear problems (Bakir et al, 2020, 2021; Elkholy, 2018; Elkholy and Abd-Elkader, 2019; Han et al, 2021; Manohar et al, 2021; Memon et al, 2021; Shutari et al, 2021). The major benefits of these algorithms are robustness, flexibility, easy implementation, efficient, and computational efficiency compared to alternative mathematical methods (Behera et al, 2015; Sompracha et al, 2019).…”