Steady-state modeling of axial heterogeneity in CFB risers based on one-dimensional EMMS model

Extension and application of energy-minimization multi-scale (EMMS) theory for full-loop hydrodynamic modeling of complex gas–solid reactors

“…With this cognition, Hu et al [18] successfully obtained a numerical solution to the axial EMMS model by optimizing n cl,z in each computational cross-section with respect to N st (z) = min.…”

“…Therefore, as stated by Eq. (3) and summarized in Appendix C, the axial EMMS model consists of six hydrodynamic equations and can be expressed as [18].…”

“…Axial voidage profile in a CFB riser: (a) variation of axial voidage profile with superficial gas velocity[18]; (b) comparison between the calculated and measured voidage.…”

CFD simulation of gas–solid two-phase flow and mixing in a FCC riser with feedstock injection

“…Here, the solids mass flux is specified as a constant at the inlet-1. To shorten the time needed to reach steady state, the EMMS model is used to estimate the steady-state profile in the riser [67,68], which is then set as the initial distribution of solids volume fraction. …”

Approaching virtual process engineering with exploring mesoscience

“…The EMMS drag model has now been applied widely because of its effectiveness at upgrading CFD. Extensive studies has been carried out at our institute by validating the model via simulations of the various aspects of the hydrodynamics of lab and pilot scale CFB units [38,39,[41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55], studying its relationship with classical continuum models and therefore formulating structure-dependent continuum models [56][57][58][59][60], doing various industrial projects [61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68] and extending the model to (i) consider the effect of heat and mass transfer as well as chemical reaction [69][70][71][72][73], (ii) consider the effect of particle size distribution [74,75], (iii) simulate the hydrodynamics of bubbling and turbulent fluidization [76][77][78][79] and (iv) the gas-liquid and gas-liquid-solid systems [40,[80][81]…”