Steam reforming of tar in hot syngas cleaning by different catalysts: Removal efficiency and coke layer characterization

Abstract

Syngas produced by biomass and waste gasification processes must be adequately clean of tar compounds before being utilized in value-added applications. Syngas cleaning by tar cracking at high temperatures is a promising technique that can utilize different kinds of catalysts. However, their use is limited by the deposition of coke layers, which induces a masking phenomenon on the active surface, and, consequently, the rapid deactivation of the catalyst. This study addresses how the temperature (750 and 800 C) and the steam concentration (0% and 7.5%) can affect the extent of water-gas and reforming reactions between steam and coke deposits. Two catalysts were used: a market-available activated carbon and an iron-based alumina catalyst.The tests showed better performance of the Fe/γ-Al 2 O 3 catalyst. A mass increase of the bed was measured in tests with both the catalysts, which confirms the deposition of the coke layer produced by tar dehydrogenation and carbonization. Scanning electronic microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX) and Raman spectroscopy were utilized to investigate the nature of coke layers over the catalyst surface, with the aim of acquiring information about their reactivity towards the water gas reaction. SEM-EDX observations indicate that the thickness of these carbon layers is less than 2 μm. Raman spectra suggest a negligible effect of the reaction temperature in the tested range and, in particular, that the amorphous nature of coke layers deposited in the presence of steam is relatively more graphitic than that obtained without steam.

Preface to the special issue section in memory of John R. Grace

“…This special issue includes 18 papers spanning John's main interests in clean energy, [4][5][6][7][8] fluidization and fluidparticle systems, [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] and chemical engineering perspectives [19][20][21] but cannot fully capture his significance. Listing someone's professional work rarely reveals why they leave a unique hole or why those who had the good fortune to regard them as a colleague feel a strong sense of loss.…”