“…To ensure a more objective comparison of the improved model, we analysed its performance alongside the current mainstream models, including YOLOX, Faster R-CNN, SSD,Resnet-50,YOLOv3, YOLOv4, YOLOv5, YOLOv7-tiny, and YOLOv8. Furthermore, we compared it with several other models, including the CBAM-MobilenetV2-YOLOv5 model (CM-YOLOv5) proposed by Yang [32] et al, the YOLO-ACG model by Wang [33] et al, the AGCN model by Zhang [34] et al, and the improved YOLOv8 model by Wei [35] et al, the multi-scale lightweight neural network model (MM) proposed by Shao [36] et al, and Zhang [37] et al proposed a model that combines CNN and Transformer. The experiments were conducted using identical hardware and software configurations, and the same dataset of steel surface defects was used.…”