Steels for rail axles - an overview

Klenam, Desmond; Chown, Lesley H.; Papo, M.J.; Cornish, L.A.

doi:10.1080/10408436.2022.2137462

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 197 publications

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“…The intermediate position of curve 3 and the simplicity of determining it dependence (5) allow considering it to be acceptable for practical calculations of the values a by fixed meanings 2s. In addition to visual determination of crack sizes, instrumental methods are also used: magnetic particle inspection, method of electric current potential reduction, ultrasonic diagnostics and acoustic emission [2]. The variety of methods for determining the crack depth a, the use of samples of different shapes and sizes, the dispersion of mechanical properties of axles material cause a significant spread in the values of the parameters m and C, established by different authors.…”

Section: визначення характеристик зростання втомних тріщин в осях зал...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of Characteristics of Fatigue Cracks Growth in the Axles of Railway Carriages

Khomiak,

Kibakov,

Gerasymov

2023

МіСАПР

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Providing damage resistance is the most important requirement presented to railway axles. This paper provides a detailed review of the characteristics of resistance to fatigue crack growth in axles made of EA4T steel (25CrMo4). This steel is typical for axles of high-speed rolling stock. Resistance to fatigue crack growth is defined by the nature of the Paris-Erdogan curve da/dN=CKm, the parameters of which are the coefficient C and the exponent m. Determination of these parameters is based on the results of fatigue tests with the samples or with full-scale axles having cracks. The analysis of numerous scientific papers has shown that for the specified steel there is a significant scatter in the values of these parameters. This scatter is caused by a number of factors, the main of which are: the difference in test objects (from small samples of the SE(B) type to full-scale rolling axles 190 mm in diameter); the difference in loading methods (tension-compression, flat bending, circular bending); the variation of mechanical properties of EA4T steel. In the paper the models of surface fatigue crack geometry are analyzed and semi-elliptical shape of crack front line is selected as the most acceptable. The significant scatter in the values of the parameters m and C prevents to establish reliably the residual life of axles with cracks, which is an important characteristic for practical forecasting of axle survivability. The technique for parameters m and C optimization in view of semi-elliptical shape of the crack front line has been developed. The relationship linking the parameters m and C has been established. The method for determining the residual life of the axle by the criterion of non-destruction is proposed. The dependence between the residual life and the value of the parameters of the Paris-Erdogan equation in the development of fatigue failure is established. The procedure for axles monitoring timeframes setting to prevent their fatigue failure is discussed. Keywords: parameters of Paris-Erdogan equation, fatigue crack, residual life of axle.

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Section: визначення характеристик зростання втомних тріщин в осях зал...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fig. 1 -Fatigue crack front lines [1]To provide the fatigue failure resistance the axles are made of medium carbon and low-alloy steels[2].…”

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confidence: 99%

Determination of Characteristics of Fatigue Cracks Growth in the Axles of Railway Carriages

Khomiak,

Kibakov,

Gerasymov

2023

МіСАПР

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“…In the 1970s, the Union Internationale des Chemins de fer (UIC, International Union of Railways) developed the UIC 811-1 standard [2], recommending EA1N and EA4T steels for railway axles throughout Europe. These carbon steels have a ferritic-pearlitic microstructure with a yield strength of 330 MPa and ultimate strength of 600 MPa for EA1N steel [3]. The European Committee for Standardization (CEN) then approved EN13103 [4], EN13104 [5], and EN13261 for the design in 2008.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Residual Stresses and the Microstructure of Modeled Laser-Hardened Railway Axle Seats under Fatigue

Čapek,

Trojan,

Kec

et al. 2024

Metals

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Railway wheels are usually attached to axles by press-fitting; therefore, the mechanical processes taking place during operation can result in failure, with fatal consequences for the axle seats. This manuscript describes the effect of laser hardening on the residual stress state, microstructural parameters (lattice defects—dislocations, crystallites, microstrains, etc.), and mechanical properties of laser-hardened EA1N steel railway axles under fatigue life conditions. Differences were found between ground, single-track, and multi-track hardened surfaces. Tensile residual stresses, low dislocation densities and hardnesses, and different microstructures (tempered cubic martensite) were found at the overlapped tracks and at the boundary of the heat-affected zone and bulk surface compared with the hardened zone. As a result, the surface treatment of axle seats by laser hardening improved the fatigue failure resistance compared with untreated seats. Optimal properties of the integrity of the axle seat surface were achieved, including fatigue resistance, which seems to be positively influenced mainly by sufficient hardness and the appropriate microstructure. The influence of the other investigated parameters was not evident, and was reduced by the presence of fretting corrosion and press-fitting.

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“…ASTM A516 Grade 70 mild steel, with ~0.05-0.25 wt% C, exhibits good mechanical strength, chemical inertness, and hardness characteristics. Its availability at a relatively low cost makes it an important engineering material for construction, pump components, railway lines, automobile parts, and various industrial applications compared to carbon steels [1][2][3][4][5]. However, mild steel is susceptible to corrosion and wear when exposed to harsh environments, leading to surface damage and poor performance [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Corrosion Behaviour of a Cr2O3 Coating on Mild Steel in Synthetic Mine Water

Hango,

Cornish,

van der Merwe

et al. 2024

International Journal of Corrosion

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The Cr2O3 coating on the surface of ASTM A516 Grade 70 mild steel substrates was developed using the thermal plasma spraying process for protection against corrosion and wear. The microstructural behaviours for both coating and substrate were analysed using SEM and XRD techniques. The corrosion behaviours of the coatings and substrate in synthetic mine water with varying pH values (6, 3, and 1) were evaluated according to ASTM standards for potentiodynamic polarisation measurements. Tafel plots were drawn to determine the corrosion rates. Vickers hardness of the coatings and substrate were measured. The Cr2O3 coating exhibited cracks due to the solidification and cooling process, as well as some pores between the top and bonding layers caused by unmelted or partially melted particles. The corrosion tests revealed that a decrease in pH levels led to increased corrosion rates in both samples. The Cr2O3 coating demonstrated superior corrosion resistance, ranging from 0.036±0.003 mm/year to 0.110±0.004 mm/year, compared to the mild steel substrate, which ranged from 0.262±0.021 mm/year to 0.336±0.026 mm/year, across all pH values. Moreover, it exhibited significantly greater hardness (1260±77 HV3) than the mild steel substrate (180±14 HV3). The lower corrosion rates and higher hardness of Cr2O3 coating than the mild steel substrate make it a suitable coating in applications where corrosion resistance and high hardness properties are essential.

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Steels for rail axles - an overview

Cited by 8 publications

References 197 publications

Determination of Characteristics of Fatigue Cracks Growth in the Axles of Railway Carriages

Determination of Characteristics of Fatigue Cracks Growth in the Axles of Railway Carriages

Residual Stresses and the Microstructure of Modeled Laser-Hardened Railway Axle Seats under Fatigue

Corrosion Behaviour of a Cr2O3 Coating on Mild Steel in Synthetic Mine Water

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