Stem Cells in the Oral Cavity

Abstract

Stem cells have emerged in the health area as a promise for the healing of damaged tissues and replacement of organs. With their capacity of self-renewal and clonogenity, as well as their ability to develop into many different cell types in the body, their potential seems to be unlimited, serving as a kind of cell stock for any cellular need in the human body. Nevertheless, their potential for odontology also seems to be promising for the simple possibility of tooth reconstruction and the reestablishment of shape and function. The aim of this review is to main sites in the oral cavity where these cells can be collected. implies, were collected from the dental pulp. Thereafter, four other kinds were cultivated namely: Stem Cells from Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth-SHED [4], Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells (PDLSCs), Stem Cells from Apical Papilla-SCAP [5] and Stem cells from third molars. These have been identified because of their ability to generate clonogenic adherent cell clusters when plated under the same growth conditions as described for Bone Marrow Stromal Cells (BMSSCs) [6,7]. Dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) DPSCs have three advantages over other stem cell sources widely researched. The first, and maybe more interesting advantage, is that they are possibly more prone to forming neurons than other stem cells, and neuron regeneration would be particularly interesting for Parkinson disease and spinal neuron regeneration. The second is that there are fewer ethical consideration than those which shroud other stem cells. Thirdly, they are more easily isolated than other stem cells, such as Mesenchymal Cells (MSCs). The first time Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSCs) were isolated was in 2000 in a research accomplished by Gronthos et al. [8], opening new possibilities for the use of these cells in many other tissues in the human body. Their source is the dental pulp mesenchyme (neural crest mesenchyme). The access for collection is not only easy, as it is also cheap while producing very low morbidity. The extraction of stem cells from the pulp can be considered as a highly efficient procedure and easily accomplishable, for the fact that there is a great tooth loss in patients under orthodontic therapy whose premolars are usually requested for removal. DPSCs are even slow cycling and represent mature adult pulp stem cells which, in vitro, are able to differentiate into odontoblasts, osteoblasts, adipocytes and endothelial cells, under appropriate growth factors. They are multipotent stromal cells that can be cryopreserved and used in several models of scaffolds, which can proliferate extensively, and build in vivo an adult bone with Havers channels and adequate vascularization, but with no proof of being able to produce dentin [9-12], while their easy management makes them feasible for clinical trials in human patients.. Subsequent studies [13-15], were made to understand the differentiative capacity of DPSCs, especially compared with Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BMMSCs); the latter used as gold pattern in field of st...

Pulp Revascularization: A Literature Review

“…Among the most important HDPSCs; DPSCs, PDLSCs and SCAPs are interestingly connected to the periapical region. Together, associated with traditional immune cells like lymphocytes and fibroblasts, the apex begins to heal, enhancing closure [ 37 ].…”

“…Regenerative Endodontic Procedures so have emerged as a viable, easy doing alternative to allow the complete formation of the roots of immature teeth, mainly in the last decade. REPs work with the prerogative that the root canal space free of contamination associated with a new stimulated blood supply can indeed reestablish vascularization, enhancing root completion the gap between the theory and clinical applications has been narrowed, and researches are now converging to regenerative procedures [ 12 , 13 ].…”

Nanomaterials for Tissue Engineering In Dentistry

“…Those of dental and periodontal origin are more promising due to their affinity with target tissues. They have been classified in [1,62,63]: Pluripotent cells—called DPPSC (dental pulp pluripotent stem cells), isolated in third molars pulp [64], are potentially useful for regeneration of dental tissues both epithelial (enamel) that are mesenchymal;Mesenchymal cells, isolated from the adult pulp (dental pulp stem cells or DPSC) [65] and from the deciduous exfoliated teeth (SHED) [66]; from the apical part of dental papilla (stem cells from apical papilla, or SCAP) [67,68]; from the dental follicle (dental follicle stem cells, or DFSC [69]; or from the PDL (PDLSC) [70];Epithelial cells: although epithelial stem cells have been isolated in third molars [71] and in deciduous pulp [72], the most secure source is given by epithelial rests of Malassez-ERM [73,74]. …”

Polimorfismo Genético do TNF-α e suas implicações na visualização do curso de patologias, incluindo doenças bucais

“…The typical case of acute inflammation is characterized by initial vasodilation, followed by plasma exudation and concomitant emigration of neutrophils in the affected areas. However, not all examples of acute inflammation exhibit neutrophil infiltration and may be associated with chronic inflammation, and the transition between acute and chronic encompasses prolixous processes through chemotactic interactions and recruitment of specific cell types, depending on the aggressiveness of the agent and the responsiveness of the host (Silva, 2015). This process is modulated by the action of several cytokines, especially TNF-α, with lots of studies describing its role in inflammatory diseases, chronic or acute ones, including pulpitis and periapical lesions.…”