Stem‐mediated hydraulic redistribution in large roots on opposing sides of a Douglas‐fir tree following localized irrigation

Nadezhdina, Nadezhda; Steppe, Kathy; Pauw, Dirk J.W. De; Bequet, Raphael; Čermák, Jan; Ceulemans, R.

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03024.x

Cited by 52 publications

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“…However, this change does not hold stable in time and the system tends to return again to a homeostatic condition. The period of time needed to restore soil moisture homogeneity is usually much longer than the transition period (around 9 days in a Douglas‐fir tree (Nadezhdina et al , 2009), but not studied in the aforementioned spruce tree), and is characterised by a gradual decrease of HHR during the night. The duration of both periods (the sudden transition and the gradual return to equilibrium) will depend on local root distribution, soil physical properties, weather conditions and tree physiological status, and on timing, placement and amount of irrigation.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…As the HFD method measures sap flow in small time steps, it was possible to evaluate the duration of the transition period between pre‐ and post‐irrigation steady‐state conditions (Figure 6B). In this study it lasted for about 30 min and in another study in Douglas‐fir (Nadezhdina et al , 2009) for about 40 min (unpublished data). This abrupt change to post‐irrigation conditions is caused by the sudden variation in soil moisture around the tree.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

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Trees never rest: the multiple facets of hydraulic redistribution

David²,

et al. 2010

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The upward movement of water due to transpiration stops when soil water potential ( s ) drops below leaf water potential ( L ). Under these circumstances, water can move in any direction in the plant-soil continuum through the passive conduits of roots and stems towards the lowest  s . This is generally termed as hydraulic redistribution (HR), but the positioning and orientation of the driving water potential gradient may vary. Any experimental method that can measure bi-directional and low flows in the sapwood of roots and stems will be suitable to detect HR. Using one approach for measuring sap flow (the heat field deformation technique, HFD) in several forest species and sites across Europe, we were able to provide evidence on different types of HR: vertical hydraulic redistribution (VHR), horizontal hydraulic redistribution (HHR), foliar uptake (FU) and tissue dehydration (TD). VHR is the vertical water movement through roots in response to water potential differences between deep and topsoil, either hydraulic lift or hydraulic descent. HHR is the lateral water movement through roots in response to horizontal water potential gradients, namely under localised irrigation. FU is the water movement from crown to soil through stems when the crown is wetted by foggy weather. TD is the downward movement of water in stems or roots from above-ground tree tissues to soil under prolonged drought or frost. Results from direct sap flow measurements indicated the vectoral and widespread nature of HR, a phenomenon of paramount importance for overall physiology and ecohydrology.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Trees never rest: the multiple facets of hydraulic redistribution

David²,

et al. 2010

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“…In such cases, either flow measurements should be taken over a longer period (to include rain or fog events, which decrease transpiration and sap flow) or for shorter time intervals a separate experiment should be conducted using cuttings, foliage spraying or localized irrigation applied from the tree side which is the opposite to that one where sap flow measurements are carried out. Localized irrigation during drought creates the conditions for horizontal hydraulic redistribution from irrigated to non-irrigated tree sides and by consequence, for negative sap flow (or at least decreased flow) in the non-irrigated side (Nadezhdina et al 2009). This is a fast, non-destructive and effective treatment for increasing the scale of R. An example is shown in Fig.…”

Section: What Is K-value and How Is It Measured?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Revisiting the Heat Field Deformation (HFD) method for measuring sap flow

Nadezhdina¹

2018

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The Heat Field Deformation (HFD) technique is a thermodynamic method for measuring sap flow. Based on continuous heating the HFD method allows for high time resolution measurements which are highly important when studying plant responses to abrupt environmental changes. This work provides a succinct review of previously described features of the HFD methodology. Analyzing symmetrical and asymmetrical temperature differences around a measured linear heater (dTsym and dTas) relative to their ratio dTsym/dTas (so called a K-diagram) is at the heart of this methodology. This key concept, however, has to date only been generally described in previous works on the HFD technique. My objective here is to provide a comprehensive overview describing different types of K-diagrams, their interpretation and application for determining Kvalues or dTas for a zero flow condition. The K-value is a measured parameter which is particularly important for objectively characterizing heat conducting properties at the sensor insertion point under specific local measurement conditions. Correctly determining the K-value is critical for accurately calculating sap flow based on recorded temperature measurements. I have included in this review several examples demonstrating how the K-value is dependent upon changes to the environment and its important role in sap flow estimation. Keywords: K-diagram, K/R-diagram, K-value, Sap Flow per Section, Sap Flux Density, Sensor IntroductionThermodynamic methods for measuring sap flow are widely used in forestry, hydrology, agronomy and eco-physiological studies to accurately estimate tree water use, to identify specific drought stress conditions or to understand plant functionality. These methods which depend on heat transfer, however, differ fairly widely in their capabilities and limitations, notably in their sensitivity to low, zero and reverse flow rates. Reverse sap flow is particularly important for understanding the whole plant physiology and tree architecture, and acts as an indicator of hydraulic redistribution (Nadezhdina 1999, 2010, Burgess et al. 1998. In thermodynamic methods, thermometers are commonly used to gauge temperature changes of the heat field around a heater in response to sap movement. Thermometers may be arranged around the heater either symmetrically or asymmetrically. For symmetrical measurements, they are placed above and below and at equal distance from the heater in the axial direction (Daum 1967, Vieweg & Ziegler 1960, Sakuratani 1981, Tikhov 1979, Nadezhdina 1989, 1999, Burgess et al. 2001, while for asymmetrical measurements, the above thermometer is substituted by one placed together with the heater. (Ittner 1968, Cermák et al. 1973, Granier 1985.The majority of methods using thermometers arranged symmetrically around a heater produce accurate sap flow measurement with good dynamic resolution with the true sap flow under low flow conditions (Vieweg & Ziegler 1960, Leyton 1970, Saddler & Pitman 1970, Nadezhdina 1999. The situation can be different, however, under hig...

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“…The fraction of absorptive fine roots that are situated exactly below the tires is relatively small compared to the whole root systems of the sample trees; this fraction of the roots is usually smashed or broken, but it can regenerate if the soil conditions remain suitable after treatment. When coarse roots are damaged, most roots that supply water to trees or serve as sinks for assimilates become dysfunctional; therefore, this type of damage is Three different characteristics of the daily SFI curves may be used as stress indicators: the difference between the morning and the evening maxims (dM 1.2), the period between both SFI maxims (dT) and the ratio of SFI measured at predawn (SFIp 1-2) to its midday value (SFId -from Nadezhdina et al 2009). more serious.…”

Section: Detection Of Underground Root Damage Caused By Heavy Machinerymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…High heterogeneity of root distribution around stem very often causes high circumferential sap flow variability, which became much lower with height of tree. Branch cutting with synchronous measurements of sap flow in stem could be also similarly used to study tree hydraulic architecture (according to Nadezhdina et al 2010).…”

Section: Fig 40mentioning

confidence: 99%

Open field-applicable instrumental methods for structural and functional assessment of whole trees and stands

Čermák¹,

Nadezhdina²,

Trcala³

et al. 2015

iForest

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© iForest -Biogeosciences and Forestry Introduction 1Proper management of forest ecosystems from a biological perspective is dependent on classification of the natural environment for the purposes of phytotechnology (e.g., thinning operations) and forestry management. Functional management goals may include timber production as well as other important functions of forests in the landscape, such as water sources for people, but also for control of climate, maintenance of biological diversity, recreation, etc. for which importance often increases with time. Such functions have been working automatically in the past, but serious environmental impacts on forests associated with anthropogenic activities (e.g., air pollution, soil acidification) and global climatic change became apparent at the end of the 20 th century.Therefore long-term experience of foresters should be supplemented with additional objective information, which may be used to help solve new problems. This includes application of modern electronics, computers and other technologies, as well as collection of necessary data in the field especially pertaining to ecophysiology. This review provides only a brief description of methods suitable for studies at the whole tree and stand levels (and even higher levels). The methods are applicable under open forest conditions using mobile instrumentation approaches that can be used almost everywhere. They were tested in more than 60 sites and in over 50 woody species in Europe, USA and Australia. We focused on measurement and evaluation of macrostructure and water flow, because the maximum energy flow in ecosystems goes through water and water is the most frequent natural limiting factor of tree growth and functional states of whole trees and stands (if not considering polar regions and tops of high mountains). Ecologically oriented scientific fields and practically oriented field activities in forestry, arboristics, horticulture, hydrology, remote sensing and forensic engineering use many traditional and modern methods.Annual and seasonal stem growth are probably the most frequently studied processes in forestry. Usually institutions for forest management (IFM) base their practices on this valuable data on a large scale (e.g., national), which provide crucial information about timber production and yield. A great body of literature is available on this topic. However, strategy for the management of forest ecosystems in Europe elaborated over several centuries is focused on classification of the natural environment and determining potential natural vegetation and oriented not only toward production but also on preserving other important functions of forests in the landscape. A detailed version of this approach was successfully applied for over 80 years. The eventual impact of anthropogenic activities and global climatic changes led to development of ecophysiological methods applied to evaluate the functional state and development of forest ecosystems.These methods were usually overlooked in the past because prev...

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Stem‐mediated hydraulic redistribution in large roots on opposing sides of a Douglas‐fir tree following localized irrigation

Cited by 52 publications

References 30 publications

Trees never rest: the multiple facets of hydraulic redistribution

Trees never rest: the multiple facets of hydraulic redistribution

Revisiting the Heat Field Deformation (HFD) method for measuring sap flow

Open field-applicable instrumental methods for structural and functional assessment of whole trees and stands

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