Step‐Growth Polymerization in the 21st Century

Dove, Andrew P.; Meier, Michael A. R.

doi:10.1002/macp.201400512

Cited by 20 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…When the monomer addition time was increased to 30 and 120 min, the M n of P2 were increased to 5000 and 8800 g/mol with the PDI increasing to 1.21 and 1.63, separately. Given these data and observations, we can conclude that Friedel–Crafts polymerization was according to a typical step growth polymerization . In order to characterize the absolute molecular weight, the polymer prepared at −78 °C was further analyzed by MALDI‐TOF‐MS [Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cyclopentadithiophene based branched polymer electrets synthesized by friedel–crafts polymerization

Liu

Bao

Ling

et al. 2016

J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem.

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In this report, the BF 3 ÁEt 2 O catalyzed Friedel-Crafts polymerization of cyclopentadithiophene monomers for branched conjugation-interrupted polymer electrets with the potential application in OFET memories were demonstrated. Branched polycyclopentadithiophenes with controlled molecular weights (M n ) of approximately 8800 g/mol and narrow polydispersity index (PDI 5 1.08-1.49) were obtained through the optimized polymerization temperature and time, and monomer addition strategy. OFET memories by using the synthesized polymers as the electret layers were fabricated and exhibited multilevel flash memory behaviors, wide memory windows, high on/off ratios, and long retention lifetime. Impressively, due to the strong hydrophobic, extended pi-conjugation and electron-donating properties, the branched polycyclopentadithiophene based OFET memory exhibited much lower programming voltage than other branched polymer electrets based devices. It is expected that the branched polycyclopentadithiophenes probably have potential application in other organic electronic devices.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cyclopentadithiophene based branched polymer electrets synthesized by friedel–crafts polymerization

Liu

Bao

Ling

et al. 2016

J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem.

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“…In a step‐growth polymerization, each monomer in the reaction mixture has two or more reactive groups, which can react with any other monomer and any other polymer chain in the reaction mixture. [ 19 ] Step‐growth polymerizations are typically equilibrium reactions, so the final polymeric product is a result of balancing the forward versus the reverse reactions (i.e., removal of a byproduct of condensation, e.g., H 2 O, increases the molecular weight of the product). An important characteristic of the product of a step‐growth polymerization is a relatively large distribution in the degree of polymerization (i.e., number of monomer residues in each chain) of each polymer chain at the conclusion of the reaction.…”

Section: Synthetic Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymer Chemistry for Haptics, Soft Robotics, and Human–Machine Interfaces

Schara

Blau

Church

et al. 2021

Adv Funct Materials

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Progress in the field of soft devices—that is, the types of haptic, robotic, and human‐machine interfaces (HRHMIs) in which elastomers play a key role—has its basis in the science of polymeric materials and chemical synthesis. However, in examining the literature, it is found that most developments have been enabled by off‐the‐shelf materials used either alone or as components of physical blends and composites. A greater awareness of the methods of synthetic chemistry will accelerate the capabilities of HRHMIs. Conversely, an awareness of the applications sought by engineers working in this area may spark the development of new molecular designs and synthetic methodologies by chemists. Several applications of active, stimuli‐responsive polymers, which have demonstrated or shown potential use in HRHMIs are highlighted. These materials share the fact that they are products of state‐of‐the‐art synthetic techniques. The progress report is thus organized by the chemistry by which the materials are synthesized, including controlled radical polymerization, metal‐mediated cross‐coupling polymerization, ring‐opening polymerization, various strategies for crosslinking, and hybrid approaches. These methods can afford polymers with multiple properties (i.e., conductivity, stimuli‐responsiveness, self‐healing, and degradable abilities, biocompatibility, adhesiveness, and mechanical robustness) that are of great interest to scientists and engineers concerned with soft devices for human interaction.

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“…Alternatively, step-growth polymerisation of A n and B n functional monomers (such as diacids, diamines and diols) is used to form large volumes of polymeric materials bearing linking chemistry (such as esters, amides and carbonates) directly within the backbone itself. 16 The fundamental mathematical principles controlling A 2 + B 2 step-growth polymeris-ation are simply represented by the elegant Carothers equation that relates DP n to conversion; 17 equally elegant modifications of this relationship establish the importance of the average functionality within A n + B n polymerisations, where n > 2, that offer gelation at relatively low conversions, as characterised by the formation of "infinite" molecular weight. Apart from examples such as ring-opening polymerisation 18,19 and 'living' chain-growth polymerisation using catalyst transfer, 20 these two strategies are generally considered as being mutually exclusive; step-growth polymerisations do not utilise vinyl monomers to form high molecular weight polymers, whilst chain-growth mechanisms using vinyl chemistries do not create polymers with backbones containing linking chemistries or heteroatoms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%