Step-scheme GdFeO3/g-C3N4 heterostructures with outstanding photocatalytic activity

Li, Li; Wang, Fengwu; Feng, Jiajun; Guo, Siqi; Xu, Maotian; Wang, Longde; Quan, Guiying

doi:10.1007/s10854-021-06193-x

Cited by 20 publications

(23 citation statements)

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“…According to the definition of in situ recycling, no additional reagents or components are added, and the waste's own components are used to convert waste into high value‐added products, giving expression to the concept of “waste + waste‐valuable resources”. [ 57,81 ] Compared with the traditional reduction roasting process, this in situ roasting recovery technology does not need to add additional reducing agents, such as coke, aluminum, or others, which greatly saves costs and reduces complex separation procedures. For example, Wang et al.…”

Section: Progress In Libs Recycling Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[52] Nevertheless, manual disassembly is unsuited to large-scale industrial applications. By contrast, the industry applies automatic mechanical disassembly and separation technology, which is processed by scalable physical means such as crushing, [54] screening, [55] magnetic separation, [56,57] pyrolysis, [58,59] and flotation. [59][60][61] It is easy to understand that the principle of mechanical separation is mainly based on the different physical properties of LIBs components.…”

Section: Disassembly and Separationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The comprehensive utilization of different recycling technologies can often tremendously improve the overall reclaim efficiency. [54] For instance, Li et al [57] proposed a combination of in situ thermal carbon reduction roasting (1000 °C, 30 min) and wet magnetic separation to recover elemental products such as cobalt (95.72%), lithium carbonate (98.93%), and graphite (91.05%) in situ from mixed electrode materials. Subsequently, in order to verify the universality of this method and lower the required pyrolysis temperature, Xiao et al [54] used vacuum pyrolysis to recover lithium carbonate in situ, processed three different spent LIBs (LiMn 2 O 4 , LiCoO 2 , LiNi x Co y Mn z O 2 ) at 973 K, 81.90% of Li 2 CO 3 with a purity of 99.7% was recovered in 30 min (Figure 8d).…”

Section: In Situ Roasting Recovery Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Progresses in Sustainable Recycling Technology of Spent Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Ang

et al. 2022

Energy & Environ Materials

223

111

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The demand for sustainable green energy and quality of life has become more urgent as modern society and industry move forward at full speed. This has further promoted the shift of society to environmental and sustainable development. [1,2] The emergence of LIBs has greatly mitigated the major petroleum-fuel pollution and energy crises, and is also a good replacement for certain new energy sources, with uncertain characteristics and intermittent properties including tidal energy, solar, hydroelectric, nuclear, and wind power developed. [3] In the 1990s, Sony commercialized LIBs successfully. [1] Using their unique advances, including high power density, no storage, small size, light weight, long cycle life, and low self-discharge rates, LIBs have so far gathered enormous market share following 30 years of development and progress in the sector. [1,4] It is widely used in electronic consumer, medical, electric vehicle, the industry, aerospace and defense, power storage, and other industries. [5] Moreover, the battery market of lithium-ion is currently undergoing major changes and LIBs are expected to grow over hundreds of gigawatt hours per year worldwide in the next five years and to account for 70% of the battery rechargeable market in 2025. [6] The global demand for lithium batteries in 2018 is 231 326 billion Yuan and the volume of shipments is 146.38 GWh, according to the prediction of the relevant research institutions of the industry. The demand for the market in lithium batteries is going to reach 694 265 billion yuan in particular, with a market capacity of 439.32 GWh in 2025. Driven by the continuous electrification of the auto industry, LIBs have reached millions of trading volumes as the main driver of electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles will continue to grow in the future. [7,8] The global market for LIBs is estimated to be around US $40 billion by 2025, and more than a third is expected to come from the hybrid and electric vehicle markets. [9] In the face of these massive volumes of LIBs, all demands have promoted the production of a large number of LIBs, which have led to large production shortages, in particular metal resources such as lithium and cobalt. [10,11] LIBs in electric vehicles have a life span of only 5-10 years, while small electronic products have a lifetime almost 3 years. [12,13] Therefore, in the face of the explosive growth and of such a substantial amount of rechargeable LIBs, generous LIBs will be scrapped in the immediate future. It is speculated that China alone can produce 500 000 metric tons of used LIBs in 2020, and the world is expected to process 11 million tons of spent LIBs by 2030. [12,14] However, the high metal content of waste LIB is an important metal resource, especially because global reserves are limited to approximately 62 million tons of Li and 145 million tons of Co. The supply of these raw materials from natural resources will not be able to meet future demand.

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Section: Progress In Libs Recycling Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Disassembly and Separationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: In Situ Roasting Recovery Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Progresses in Sustainable Recycling Technology of Spent Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Ang

et al. 2022

Energy & Environ Materials

223

111

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“…The primary chemical processes of pyrometallurgy can be determined from a thermodynamic perspective, together with the theoretical reaction temperature. 77,[81][82][83] The redox capacity of additives is usually considered in hydrometallurgy, while the rationality of the recovery technology is analyzed from the perspective of reaction kinetics. [84][85][86] Biological metallurgy, which can be classified as hydrometallurgy in nature, is technology involving the separation and extraction of some insoluble components from cathode materials by oxidation, reduction, complexation, adsorption or dissolution of specific microorganisms or their metabolites.…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the system with graphite as the main reducing agent, the reduction products are usually Li 2 CO 3 , Co, Ni and MnO. 81,224 In the system with Al foil as the reducing agent, Li 2 O, CoO and Al 2 O 3 are the main products. 225 Water leaching is commonly used to separate Li and transition metal elements without the addition of reducing agents.…”

Section: Energy and Environmental Science Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon neutrality strategies for sustainable batteries: from structure, recycling, and properties to applications

Lin

Zhang

Fan

et al. 2023

Energy Environ. Sci.

130

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Emerging S‐Scheme Photocatalyst

et al. 2022

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strategies in addressing the low-efficiency issue will be discussed.Photocatalysis mainly deals with electron and energy transfer processes. Prior to the discussion, it is necessary to learn the basic behaviors of the excited state of a molecule, which can enhance the understanding on electron transfer and energy dissipation in semiconductors. Generally, the first process is the absorption of a photon by a molecule (in the time scale of femtoseconds (fs)), where the ground state is lifted energetically to the first excited singlet state. Subsequently, a simplified Jablonski diagram is reconsidered, [2] as shown in Figure 1. The charge carriers generated in one molecule experience several possible processes with varying possibilities: [3] a) Vibrational relaxation (VR): it is relaxation of excited state electrons to the lowest energy level which generally occurs in picoseconds (ps). It can happen from each excited state to each non-excited state including the ground state. This VR results in loss of energy because excessive vibrational energy is converted into heat. b) Fluorescence: After the relaxation to the lowest vibrational level, the excited molecule can finally get back to the ground state by emitting a photon. This is named as fluorescence, which occurs in a relatively long time, ranging from ps to nanoseconds (ns). c) Internal conversion (IC): it is a crossover process in which an electronically excited molecule moves from one electronic state to a lower one of the same multiplicity (singlet-to-singlet or triplet-to-triplet states) and can be measured from ps to fs. [4] d) Intersystem crossing (ISC): A transition from one electronic state to another one with a different spin multiplicity is called ISC. e) Phosphorescence: After the molecule transitions through ISC to the triplet state, further deactivation occurs through phosphorescence. And its lifetime ranges from one millisecond (ms) to hundreds of seconds. Apart from these, other processes such as vibrational cooling are also possible, which are not illustrated here.The above-mentioned processes in a single molecule can be used as a reference when discussing a semiconductor photocatalyst. Analogously, electrons are excited to the conduction band (CB) after absorption. Afterward, they will undergo several decay processes or they will finally migrate to the surface and participate in a specific redox reaction. These decay processes are briefly introduced here by comparing with those in a molecule (Figure 1): a) Relaxation of electrons to the lowest CB energy states. b) Radiative recombination of electrons and holes via emitted as fluorescence; c) Non-radiative decay, also referred to as Photocatalysis is a green technology to use ubiquitous and intermittent sunlight. The emerging S-scheme heterojunction has demonstrated its superiority in photocatalysis. This article covers the state-of-the-art progress and provides new insights into its general designing criteria. It starts with the challenges confronted by single photocatalyst from the perspective of...

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Step-scheme GdFeO3/g-C3N4 heterostructures with outstanding photocatalytic activity

Cited by 20 publications

References 50 publications

Progresses in Sustainable Recycling Technology of Spent Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Progresses in Sustainable Recycling Technology of Spent Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Carbon neutrality strategies for sustainable batteries: from structure, recycling, and properties to applications

Emerging S‐Scheme Photocatalyst

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