Stereoacuity measurement using an auto-stereoscopic smartphone

Zhao, Lingzhi; Wu, Huang

doi:10.21037/atm.2019.07.56

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…There are a variety of standard ophthalmic examinations that can be performed in the clinic; however, most of them are paper tests, and the methods for collecting the assessment data are ineffective (17,25). The functionality of these examinations is very simple; however, functions such as stereo vision and binocular balance cannot be assessed with a simple paper eye chart, and special equipment must be used to assess different visual functions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to the limitations of the barrier and lenticular technologies used in traditional autostereoscopic displays, the resolution required for the tests is twice that of the physical pixels in the liquid crystal display (LCD), which means that at least 2 pixels constitute the smallest unit for this type of test. The low resolution can be partially compensated for with 2K and 4K panels, such as an autostereoscopic smartphone equipped with a 2K screen (17). Minimizing crosstalk in an autostereoscopic display is also important to ensure that the left and right eyes can be screened effectively and independently.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, instruments based on traditional naked-eye 3D technology are prone to inverse apparent phenomena during vision screening; in other words, the display itself can directionally transmit images to the left and right eyes but may not always transmit the images to the appropriate eyes. To address this issue, traditional screening techniques require subjects to close one eye before testing to ensure that the correct picture is (17), resulting in complex tests that need to be supervised by a professional.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rapid, accurate, multifunctional and self-assisted vision assessment and screening with interactive desktop autostereoscopy

Li¹,

Zhong²,

Wang³

et al. 2021

Ann Transl Med

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Background: This study aimed to develop an interactive vision screening tool based on desktop autostereoscopy and evaluate its feasibility for testing visual acuity, colour vision, stereo vision and binocular balance clinically.Methods: An interactive desktop autostereoscopy vision test was developed making it remarkably convenient for individuals to undergo multiple visual function assessments in a single test. With this rapid screening process, an individual's visual acuity, colour vision, stereo vision and binocular balance can be assessed within several minutes. A total of 155 healthy subjects were enrolled to compare the clinical repeatability, accuracy, inter-visit variability, likeability and efficiency between the autostereoscopy and traditional method. Results: In the repeatability test, the visual acuity measured with autostereoscopy was 0.045±0.018 and 0.035±0.018 (P=0.702) for the first and second tests, respectively. The mean logarithm of the Minimum Angle of Resolution (logMAR) visual acuities measured with the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (EDTRS) chart and autostereoscopy test were 0.04±0.02 and 0.05±0.02, respectively, which were not significantly different (P=0.849). The correlation between these two kinds of tests was statistically significant (Spearman correlation coefficient =0.829, P<0.001). The results for colour vision, stereo vision, and binocular vision are presented, and the effectiveness of the autostereoscopic method is supported with qualitative data comparing its results with those of the traditional methods. In the likeability test, the EDTRS chart and autostereoscopy test had scores of 2.21±0.53 and 3.04±0.07, while the traditional and autostereoscopy tests for colour vision, stereo vision, and binocular vision had scores of 2.02±0.59 and 3.36±0.93, respectively (P<0.001). Regarding visual fatigue, the mean scores were 0.69±0.04 and 0.42±0.04 (P<0.001) with the EDTRS chart and autostereoscopy test, respectively. Regarding work efficiency, the average testing times per person was 59.65±0.66 and 48.92±0.86 s (P<0.001) with the EDTRS chart and autostereoscopy test, respectively. Conclusions:The autostereoscopy test was conclusively shown to be valid, efficient and repeatable for the measurement of visual acuity, colour vision, stereo vision, and binocular vision, and the process was subjectively well-liked and comfortable.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rapid, accurate, multifunctional and self-assisted vision assessment and screening with interactive desktop autostereoscopy

Li¹,

Zhong²,

Wang³

et al. 2021

Ann Transl Med

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Recently, display technology has developed rapidly ( 9 – 11 ), and some scholars have applied three-dimensional display technology to stereoscopic examination ( 12 – 15 ). Some of these tests still required polarized glasses or shutter goggles and did not overcome limitations such as viewing position restriction, low brightness, and low resolution ( 9 , 14 ). The glasses-free display system developed by our team, combined with the random-dot and eye-tracking technology, is a new method for near stereoscopic level screening that has not been reported to date.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Screening for Stereopsis Using an Eye-Tracking Glasses-Free Display in Adults: A Pilot Study

et al. 2022

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Purpose:To explore the feasibility and repeatability of a novel glasses-free display combined with random-dot stimulus and eye-tracking technology for screening stereopsis in adults.Methods:A total of 74 patients aged 18–44 years were recruited in this study (male: female, 32:42), including 33 patients with high myopia [≤ -6.0 diopters (D)] and 41 patients with moderate-to-low myopia (>-6.0 D). Stereopsis was measured using glasses-free, polarized, and Titmus stereotests. All patients completed a visual fatigue questionnaire after the polarized stereotest and glasses-free test. Kendall's W and Cohen's Kappa tests were used to evaluate repeatability and consistency of the glasses-free stereotest.Results:The stereotest results using the glasses-free monitor showed strong repeatability in the three consecutive tests (W = 0.968, P < 0.01) and good consistency with the polarized stereotest and Titmus test results (vs. polarization: Kappa = 0.910, P < 0.001; vs. Titmus: Kappa = 0.493, P < 0.001). Stereopsis levels of the high myopia group were significantly poorer than those of the moderate-to-low myopia group in three stereotest monitors (all P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in visual fatigue level between the polarized and the glasses-free display test (P = 0.72). Compared with the polarized test, 56.76% of patients preferred the glasses-free display and found it more comfortable, 20.27% reported both tests to be acceptable.Conclusions:In our adult patients, the new eye-tracking glasses-free display system feasibly screened stereopsis with good repeatability, consistency, and patient acceptance.

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“…Bonfanti et al presented a “stereo acuity test using a smartphone inserted into a Google Cardboard” [ 25 ]. We have conducted research on stereopsis using two 4 K smartphones [ 26 – 29 ] and autostereoscopic smartphones [ 30 , 31 ]. The disparity in computer expression can be precisely determined by the pixel arrangement characteristics of the monitor, but the luminance and contrast of different displays cannot be easily controlled.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Luminance and Contrast Variation on Stereoacuity Measurements Using Smartphone Technology

Liu

2021

Journal of Ophthalmology

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Owing to the limitations of printed stereoacuity tests, the effects of luminance and contrast on stereopsis have not yet been sufficiently investigated, despite its important implications in designing stereoacuity measuring instruments, particularly for electronic devices. A stereopsis measurement system was established using two 4 K smartphones and a phoropter to evaluate the effects of luminance and contrast variations on the stereoacuity test. Seventeen young subjects with normal visual acuity and stereopsis were recruited. Two types of test symbols, contour-based and random-dot-based, were used in the experiment. Four series tests were established with different maximum brightness values, including 240 lux, 120 lux, 60 lux, and 30 lux. Each series test contained 19 pages with different contrasts between 95% and 5% and was calculated using the Michelson contrast formula. No significant difference was found for both contour-based and random-dot-based stereograms in any of the contrast groups with different maximum brightness. Similarly, no significant difference was found between contour-based and random-dot-based patterns under different contrasts of above 35%. As the contrast decreased below 30%, the stereopsis was significantly better in the contour-based pattern than in the random-dot-based pattern for some degrees of contrast. The luminance and contrast of the digital display are not critical factors for stereoacuity under normal circumstances. This implies that a standard monitor with a certain 3D technology can be used to measure the stereoacuity threshold without calibrating the luminance and contrast.

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Stereoacuity measurement using an auto-stereoscopic smartphone

Cited by 6 publications

References 10 publications

Rapid, accurate, multifunctional and self-assisted vision assessment and screening with interactive desktop autostereoscopy

Rapid, accurate, multifunctional and self-assisted vision assessment and screening with interactive desktop autostereoscopy

Screening for Stereopsis Using an Eye-Tracking Glasses-Free Display in Adults: A Pilot Study

Effect of Luminance and Contrast Variation on Stereoacuity Measurements Using Smartphone Technology

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