Stereocomplex Crystallized Nanomedical System for Enhanced Type I PDT and Synergistic Chemo-Phototherapy

Abstract

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is one of the promising approaches for tumor treatment. Although PDT offers many advantages, it is still challenged by the restriction of oxygen and the defense system of tumors. Herein, a nanocrystalline cellulose based photosensitive material is synthesized, and the stereocomplex crystallites (SC)-based micelle with folic acid is further obtained for unanticipated and improved type I PDT. Additionally, this SC-based micelle codelivery DOX and MTH1 inhibitor could improve ROS-induced oxidative stress injury and help break the ROS defense system of tumor tissues. Notably, this designed system with a combination of PDT and chemotherapeutics displays an enhanced cell apoptosis process, thereby inhibiting or even eliminating tumors without toxic side effects. Therefore, the functionalized nanomicelle makes this system an efficient multiple drug delivery platform to cope with oxygen limitation, achieving synergistic chemo-phototherapy.

Polyphenol‐Based Nanosystems for Next‐Generation Cancer Therapy: Multifunctionality, Design, and Challenges

“…PTT can ablate tumor through hyperthermia, while PDT can induce apoptosis or necrosis of tumor cells by irradiating photosensitizer to generate a large amount of ROS. [ 127 ] With its minimally invasive, highly selective, and less side effects, phototherapy offers great advantages for cancer treatment.…”

X‐Ray Excited Luminescence Materials for Cancer Diagnosis and Theranostics

“…The mechanism of action is to kill cancer cells by converting triple oxygen molecules ( 3 O 2 ) into singlet oxygen molecules ( 1 O 2 ) or generating other ROS with light excitation using a photosensitizer. [ 84 ] However, because of the limited penetration depth of the stimulated light, PDT is mainly employed for the treatment of skin and superficial tissues. [ 85 ] X‐ray‐induced PDT (X‐PDT) is expected to improve the therapeutic efficacy of PDT by overcoming this problem owing to the deep tissue penetration depth of X‐rays.…”

Enhancing Surface Hydroxyl Group Modulation on Carbon Nitride Boosts the Effectiveness of Photodynamic Treatment for Brain Glioma

“…Glioma is the most prevalent malignant tumor of the nervous system. − Despite significant progress in clinical treatment methods, such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, glioma remains prone to recurrence with almost irreversible side effects. , Although great efforts have been made in recent years, there are still limitations in improving the prognosis of glioma. , With the development of nanoscience, nanomaterials and nanotechnology have been widely utilized in biology, medicine, and related fields, which have propelled the advancement of nanomedicine offering novel prospects for cancer therapy. One crucial facet of nanomedicine involves designing multifunctional drug delivery carriers using nanotechnology to develop new drug formulations and therapeutics. − Photodynamic (PDT) therapy is an indispensable technology that employs photosensitizers (PS) as PDT agents due to their localized impact on tumors with reduced adverse effects compared to conventional treatments while being minimally invasive with high spatial precision advantages making it a promising modality for treating gliomas. − Photosensitizers can effectively generate cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) directly or indirectly, inducing tumor cell death through type I or type II PDT reactions. However, most PDT heavily relies on oxygen-dependent type II photosensitive reactions generating singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ).…”