A mechanism of α-olefin cycloalumination
by AlEt3 in the presence of Cp2ZrCl2 catalyst was proposed,
based on theoretical estimation of the thermodynamic and activation
parameters of the possible reaction pathways calculated at the DFT
level using the PBE/3ζ and M06-2X/cc-pVDZ quantum chemical methods.
The reaction steps to bimetallic Zr,Al- and Zr,Zr-complexes, [Cp2Zr(μ-Cl)CH2CH2AlEt2], [Cp2Zr(μ-H)CH2CH2AlEt2], and [Cp2Zr(Cl)CH2CH2Zr(Cl)Cp2], observable
on the NMR time scale were considered. Among the possible intermediates,
zirconacyclopropane was proposed as the catalyst species most active
toward the alkenes, whose formation goes via two-step ligand exchange
between Cp2ZrCl2 and AlEt3, and subsequent
ethane elimination from the Cp2ZrEt2. The reaction
of zirconacyclopropane with the alkene gives the zirconacyclopentane
intermediate, in which transmetalation by ClAlEt2 and AlEt3 gives 1-ethyl-3-alkylalumolanes via 2-substituted dialuminobutane.