Stereopsis Activates V3A and Caudal Intraparietal Areas in Macaques and Humans

Tsao, Doris Y.; Vanduffel, Wim; Sasaki, Yuka; Fize, Denis; Knutsen, T.; Mandeville, Joseph B.; Wald, Lawrence L.; Dale, Anders M.; Rosen, Bruce R.; Essen, David C. Van; Livingstone, Margaret S.; Orban, Guy A.; Tootell, Roger B. H.

doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00459-8

Cited by 325 publications

(391 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…The correspondence between fMRI activation patterns in monkeys and humans in previous studies (e.g., [53][54][55][56][57][58] and, partly, in our work is encouraging, although it does not necessarily imply that the underlying behavioral strategies and neuronal activity in the two species are the same. Nevertheless, monkey fMRI provides a crucial control for the common interpretation of human imaging and monkey electrophysiology data.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Space representation for eye movements is more contralateral in monkeys than in humans

Kagan

Iyer

Lindner

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Contralateral hemispheric representation of sensory inputs (the right visual hemifield in the left hemisphere and vice versa) is a fundamental feature of primate sensorimotor organization, in particular the visuomotor system. However, many higher-order cognitive functions in humans show an asymmetric hemispheric lateralizatione.g., right brain specialization for spatial processing-necessitating a convergence of information from both hemifields. Electrophysiological studies in monkeys and functional imaging in humans have investigated space and action representations at different stages of visuospatial processing, but the transition from contralateral to unified global spatial encoding and the relationship between these encoding schemes and functional lateralization are not fully understood. Moreover, the integration of data across monkeys and humans and elucidation of interspecies homologies is hindered, because divergent findings may reflect actual species differences or arise from discrepancies in techniques and measured signals (electrophysiology vs. imaging). Here, we directly compared spatial cue and memory representations for action planning in monkeys and humans using event-related functional MRI during a working-memory oculomotor task. In monkeys, cue and memory-delay period activity in the frontal, parietal, and temporal regions was strongly contralateral. In putative human functional homologs, the contralaterality was significantly weaker, and the asymmetry between the hemispheres was stronger. These results suggest an inverse relationship between contralaterality and lateralization and elucidate similarities and differences in human and macaque cortical circuits subserving spatial awareness and oculomotor goal-directed actions.BOLD signal | event-related functional MRI | brain evolution | delayed saccades | lateralization

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Space representation for eye movements is more contralateral in monkeys than in humans

Kagan

Iyer

Lindner

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Two juvenile (4 -6 kg) male rhesus monkeys (M. mulatta) were used in the monkey fMRI experiments. Surgical details and the training procedure have been described (8,45,46) and are summarized here. Each monkey was implanted with an MRI-compatible plastic headset.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An anterior temporal face patch in human cortex, predicted by macaque maps

Rajimehr

Young

Tootell

2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

264

235

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Increasing evidence suggests that primate visual cortex has a specialized architecture for processing discrete object categories such as faces. Human fMRI studies have described a localized region in the fusiform gyrus [the fusiform face area (FFA)] that responds selectively to faces. In contrast, in nonhuman primates, electrophysiological and fMRI studies have instead revealed 2 apparently analogous regions of face representation: the posterior temporal face patch (PTFP) and the anterior temporal face patch (ATFP). An earlier study suggested that human FFA is homologous to the PTFP in macaque. However, in humans, no obvious homologue of the macaque ATFP has been demonstrated. Here, we used fMRI to map face-selective sites in both humans and macaques, based on equivalent stimuli in a quantitative topographic comparison. This fMRI evidence suggests that such a face-selective area exists in human anterior inferotemporal cortex, comprising the apparent homologue of the fMRI-defined ATFP in macaques.face processing ͉ fMRI ͉ inferotemporal cortex ͉ macaque-human homology T he fusiform face area (FFA) is one of the most distinctive regions in the human ventral temporal cortex. A wide range of noninvasive techniques, including PET, fMRI, ERP, and MEG have shown that FFA responds selectively to images of faces, relative to a wide variety of control objects (1-7). Such approaches have revealed an enormous amount about face selectivity in this distinctive region of human cerebral cortex.Such noninvasive techniques cannot furnish the kind of incisive information that is available from classical neurobiological techniques (e.g., single-unit recording) in nonhuman primates. These 2 realms have begun to be bridged by recent fMRI studies in awake monkeys, which demonstrated that apparently homologous face-selective regions also exist in macaque inferotemporal (IT) cortex (8,9). Subsequent experiments reported that Ϸ97% of the single units in the largest face-selective region (the so-called posterior temporal face patch, located in caudal TE) respond strongly and selectively to images of faces, compared with images of control objects (10). This fMRI and physiological evidence supports the idea that this region of monkey cortex is indeed selective for faces.A computational transformation concluded that this posterior temporal face patch (PTFP) in macaques is located in a cortical region that corresponds topographically to area FFA in human subjects (8). This analysis assumes that neighborhood relations between specific cortical areas are evolutionarily conserved across the sheet of cortical gray matter, as validated in many previous human-monkey comparisons (11-14).However, this conclusion raises a significant issue. In macaques, an additional face-selective region is consistently found further anterior in the temporal lobe, in rostral TE (8-10, 15, 16); here, this is termed the anterior temporal face patch (ATFP). However, in humans, no such area (i.e., anterior to FFA) has been reported by conventional fMRI mapping of face rep...

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“…In agreement with its various roles, disparity activates many brain regions in monkeys and humans (e.g., Janssen et al, 2000b;e.g., Ferraina et al, 2000;Parker, 2007;Preston et al, 2008;Georgieva et al, 2009). Studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in rhesus monkeys have shown that disparity activates regions in the dorsal visual stream (Tsao et al, 2003b;Durand et al, 2007), frontal cortex (Joly et al, 2009), and early ventral stream (Tsao et al, 2003b). However, no fMRI study has described clear disparity activation in anterior parts of the ventral visual stream, including inferior temporal cortex (IT), a part of cortex thought to be important in object vision.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Architecture for Disparity in Macaque Inferior Temporal Cortex and Its Relationship to the Architecture for Faces, Color, Scenes, and Visual Field

2015

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Binocular disparity is a powerful depth cue for object perception. The computations for object vision culminate in inferior temporal cortex (IT), but the functional organization for disparity in IT is unknown. Here we addressed this question by measuring fMRI responses in alert monkeys to stimuli that appeared in front of (near), behind (far), or at the fixation plane. We discovered three regions that showed preferential responses for near and far stimuli, relative to zero-disparity stimuli at the fixation plane. These "near/far" disparity-biased regions were located within dorsal IT, as predicted by microelectrode studies, and on the posterior inferotemporal gyrus. In a second analysis, we instead compared responses to near stimuli with responses to far stimuli and discovered a separate network of "near" disparity-biased regions that extended along the crest of the superior temporal sulcus. We also measured in the same animals fMRI responses to faces, scenes, color, and checkerboard annuli at different visual field eccentricities. Disparity-biased regions defined in either analysis did not show a color bias, suggesting that disparity and color contribute to different computations within IT. Scene-biased regions responded preferentially to near and far stimuli (compared with stimuli without disparity) and had a peripheral visual field bias, whereas face patches had a marked near bias and a central visual field bias. These results support the idea that IT is organized by a coarse eccentricitymap,andshowthatdisparitylikelycontributestocomputationsassociatedwithbothcentral(faceprocessing)andperipheral(scene processing) visual field biases, but likely does not contribute much to computations within IT that are implicated in processing color.

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Stereopsis Activates V3A and Caudal Intraparietal Areas in Macaques and Humans

Cited by 325 publications

References 70 publications

Space representation for eye movements is more contralateral in monkeys than in humans

Space representation for eye movements is more contralateral in monkeys than in humans

An anterior temporal face patch in human cortex, predicted by macaque maps

Functional Architecture for Disparity in Macaque Inferior Temporal Cortex and Its Relationship to the Architecture for Faces, Color, Scenes, and Visual Field

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