Stereotaxic atlas of the pig brain

Léger, Marie-Eva; Albé-Fessard, D; Marcilloux, J.C.; Rampin, Olivier; Laplace, J.P.

doi:10.1016/s0361-9230(99)00012-x

Cited by 275 publications

(253 citation statements)

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“…Anatomical brain imaging studies on pigs have allowed the identification of swine cerebral structures and the conception of stereotaxic atlases of the pig brain (e.g. Felix et al, 1999;Watanabe et al, 2001;Saikali et al, 2010). Thanks to these atlases, numerous anatomical brain analogies between pigs and humans have been highlighted.…”

Section: Neurobiological Similaritiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Food preferences and aversions in human health and nutrition: how can pigs help the biomedical research?

Clouard

Meunier-Salaün

Val‐Laillet

2012

Animal

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The establishment of food preferences and aversions determines the modulation of eating behaviour and the optimization of food intake. These phenomena rely on the learning and memory abilities of the organism and depend on different psychobiological mechanisms such as associative conditionings and sociocultural influences. After summarizing the various behavioural and environmental determinants of the establishment of food preferences and aversions, this paper describes several issues encountered in human nutrition when preferences and aversions become detrimental to health: development of eating disorders and obesity, aversions and anorexia in chemotherapy-treated or elderly patients and poor palatability of medical substances and drugs. Most of the relevant biomedical research has been performed in rodent models, although this approach has severe limitations, especially in the nutritional field. Consequently, the final aim of this paper is to discuss the use of the pig model to investigate the behavioural and neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the establishment of food preferences and aversions by reviewing the literature supporting analogies at multiple levels (general physiology and anatomy, sensory sensitivity, digestive function, cognitive abilities, brain features) between pigs and humans.Keywords: pig, conditioned learning, eating behaviour, animal model, biomedical applications ImplicationsInvestigation of the behavioural and neurophysiological mechanisms of the establishment of food preferences and aversions can lead to important developments in the context of human nutrition and health. Because the rodent models are not always adequate in this field, there is a need to develop alternative experimental models. Pigs have numerous similarities with humans in terms of the physiology, anatomy, sensory sensitivity, cognitive abilities and brain functions. The aim of this paper is to promote the use of pigs for biomedical research in human nutrition. IntroductionFeeding is a complex behaviour, which can be described as 'the research and consumption of food and drink to maintain vital functions ' (Bellisle, 1999) and to 'fulfil the metabolic needs of the organism ' (Ferreira, 2004). Today, it is also well acknowledged that a high proportion of human food consumption in developed countries appears to be driven by pleasure (for a review, see Lowe and Butryn, 2007) and sociocultural influences. Food consumption is also involved in fundamental metabolic homeostasis regulation, as it controls the supply of energy and nutrients in the organism (Bellisle, 1999). According to Ferreira (2004), feeding behaviour implies that animals learn to consume high-energy foods and to avoid toxic foods. Establishment of food selection implies that, during its first experience with food, the organism memorizes the sensorial characteristics of the food (e.g. taste, odour, texture and visual cues) and the postingestive consequences of its ingestion, and associates these food characteristics with these consequences (Garcia et ...

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Section: Neurobiological Similaritiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Food preferences and aversions in human health and nutrition: how can pigs help the biomedical research?

Clouard

Meunier-Salaün

Val‐Laillet

2012

Animal

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“…An overview of former works describing the use of functional imaging and neuronavigation in the pig model will present the challenge in using the porcine model compared to other animal models. Finally, we will set in perspective work currently ongoing in our laboratory as examples of the capabilities of the pig model in the field of neurosciences.Anatomical and functional considerations on the pig brain Pig brain is comparable to that of human in gross anatomy (Felix et al, 1999), myelination, growth and development (Dickerson and Dobbing, 1967;Flynn, 1984;Mayhew et al, 1996). Furthermore, a considerable body of evidence indicates that it resembles primate more than rat when considering its cortical convolutions, shape and total number of neocortical neurons (Lind et al, 2007).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The whole PFC in these young minipigs was evaluated to constitute about 24% of the total neocortex volume and 10% of the total brain volume. The hippocampal region (Holm et al, 1993;Holm and West, 1994;Saito et al, 1998) and the cerebellum (Larsell, 1954;Lange, 1974;Mwamengele et al, 1993) have also been investigated in terms of histology, topology or immunohistochemistry.In addition to global description of the central structures available in stereotaxic atlases of the pig brain (Yoshikawa, 1968;Salinas-Zeballos et al, 1986;Felix et al, 1999), (Woolsey and Fairman, 1946; Andrews et al, 1990; Craner and Ray 1991a and 1991b;Okada et al, 1999), auditory cortex (Andrews et al, 1990), visual cortex (Laube et al, 2003 Fang et al, 2006;Gizewski et al, 2007), motor cortex (Palmieri et al, 1986) and prefrontal cortex (Jelsing et al, 2006) have been described with varying accuracy among authors and some results are imprecise or conflicting. To date, no comprehensive functional mapping of the cortical areas has been described in swine.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Using ventriculography, the horizontal zero plane was defined on the basis of the plane connecting the recessus preopticus to the posterior commissure (CP) and CP as the origin of the system (Marcilloux et al, 1989;Felix et al, 1999). The recessus preopticus was found to correlate closely with the anterior commissure defining a system similar to that commonly used in human and primate (Felix et al, 1999). Andersen et al (2005) found difficult to identify the two commissures on MRI and defined the referenced plane on the basis of the line connecting the optic chiasma to the pineal gland.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Anatomical and functional considerations on the pig brain Pig brain is comparable to that of human in gross anatomy (Felix et al, 1999), myelination, growth and development (Dickerson and Dobbing, 1967;Flynn, 1984;Mayhew et al, 1996). Furthermore, a considerable body of evidence indicates that it resembles primate more than rat when considering its cortical convolutions, shape and total number of neocortical neurons (Lind et al, 2007).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The pig model in brain imaging and neurosurgery

Sauleau

Lapouble

Val‐Laillet

et al. 2009

Animal

211

178

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The pig model is increasingly used in the field of neuroscience because of the similarities of its brain with human. This review presents the peculiarities of the anatomy and functions of the pig brain with specific reference to its human counterpart. We propose an approximate mapping of the pig's cortical areas since a comprehensive description of the equivalent of Brodmann's areas is lacking. On the contrary, deep brain structures are received more consideration but a true three-dimensional (3D) atlas is still eagerly required. In the second section, we present an overview of former works describing the use of functional imaging and neuronavigation in the pig model. Recently, the pig has been increasingly used for molecular imaging studies using positron emission tomography (PET). Indeed, the large size of its brain is compatible with the limited spatial resolution of the PET scanner built to accommodate a human being. Similarly, neuronavigation is an absolute requirement to target deep brain areas in human and in pig since the surgeon cannot rely on external skull structures for zeroing the 3D reference frame. Therefore, a large body of methodological refinements has been dedicated to image guided surgery in the pig model. These refinements allow now a millimetre precision: an absolute requirement for basal nuclei targeting. In the third section, several examples of ongoing studies in our laboratory were presented to illustrate the intricacies of using the pig model. For both examples, after a brief description of the scientific context of the experiment, we present, in detail, the methodological steps required to achieve the experimental goals, which are specific to the porcine model. Finally, in the fourth section, the anatomical variations depending on the breed and age are discussed in relation with neuronavigation and brain surgery. The need for a digitized multimodality brain atlas is also highlighted.Keywords: pig, neuroimaging, single photon emission tomography, neuronavigation, deep brain stimulation ImplicationsThe pig model is increasingly used in the field of neuroscience because of the similarities of its brain with human. Indeed, aside from the rodent model there is a critical need for a large animal model ethically acceptable, i.e. excluding non-human primates. In this review we present some experiments dealing with the various procedures achievable in the pig model ranging from image-guided brain surgery to functional brain imaging studies. The recent advances in functional imaging data processing pointed out our partial knowledge of pig brain neuro-anatomy and the requirement for a digitalized atlas matching MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) and histological resources. IntroductionSwine have been used extensively as a model of human in biomedical researches such as cardiovascular, metabolic and transplantation (Phillips et al., 1982;Larsen and Rolin, 2004;Imai et al., 2006;Groth, 2007). In the last decade, an increasing number of studies in the field of neuroscience has been reported (Lind et ...

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