Stereotypes

Abstract

Stereotypes represent a broad and general topic in psychology and other social sciences. The bulk of the theorizing and empirical data on stereotypes, however, comes from social psychology. As this annotated bibliography will show, there is widespread disagreement in emphasis, tone, and even data regarding the extent to which stereotypes are inaccurate, irrational, and a source or result of prejudice and discrimination. Stereotypes (the contents of people’s beliefs about groups) and stereotyping (the processes by which people—consciously or not—use their stereotypes to make sense of the world) have been studied by social psychologists for almost a century, and they remain hot topics. Although laypeople often seem to use the terms “stereotype,” “prejudice,” and “discrimination” nearly synonymously, social psychologists draw significant distinctions between each concept. Stereotypes are usually defined as beliefs about groups, prejudice as evaluation of or attitude toward a group, and discrimination as behavior that systematically advantages or disadvantages a group. This article focuses on stereotypes.

An Integrated Multicriteria Decision-Making Approach to Evaluate Traveler Modes’ Priority: An Application to Peshawar, Pakistan

“…Carpooling is a local service, which operates on specified routes, where 3 to 4 passengers share their ride. e Careem/Uber service is a modern way to travel, which can be used from the android set, and is considered more attractive among those completing the questionnaire, as the prices are almost the same as a local taxi, and it offers more security, reliability, and privacy [30]. e BRT service is the first sustainable transport project in Peshawar.…”

Jeddah City Ride-hailing Company Bus Routes Planning by Using Traffic Neural Network Design

“…For many, the service comes as part of the company's ongoing commitment to solving transportation challenges, enhancing mobility, and creating employment. The system designs of the transportation routes have been approved by the Public Transport Authority of Saudi Arabia [39]. This service, Bus, is the first mass transportation app of bus service in the Kingdom; as it operates through a separate app from the ride-hailing app and is available for individuals to pick the bus that suits their time best and can track the movement of the bus and its location, the same as when ordering a taxi from the original app.…”

“…The following, figure (6), shows the routes currently operating in the BUS app in Jeddah [39]: Many believe that the introduction of the bus services, BUS, will help the Kingdom with Vision 2030 for Smart Cities in Riyadh and Jeddah, contributing to the app-based transport integrated options. Furthermore, this helps the Kingdom's government achieve its goals and ambitions in reducing environmental pollution and ease traffic congestion as every Bus can cover nearly (13) cars [41].…”