Stereotypes and Mental Life: The Case of the Motivated but Thwarted Tactician

Pendry, Louise F.; Macrae, C. Neil

doi:10.1006/jesp.1994.1015

Cited by 140 publications

(135 citation statements)

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“…This finding suggests that the use of multiple exemplar models did not automatically contribute to the development of sub-categories and supports claims by Pendry and Macrae (1994) that the making of group-based inferences avoids the task of integrating unique characteristics that individuals possess. As a consequence, these participants' understanding of accounting included duties not typically performed by accountants.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

How does contact with accountants influence perceptions of accounting?

Wells

2017

Accounting Education

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Contact with accountants has often been suggested as a strategy for changing the stereotypical perceptions people have of accounting. This study examines how contact with accountants influences these perceptions. The perceptions of sixteen people who have had no contact with accountants are compared with perceptions of sixteen people who have been the recipients of information from accountants. The perception data was collected by questionnaire and interview. Response data was analysed and compared between the collection techniques and participant groups. The results reveal that while the perceptions do differ between participant groups, they are still overgeneralisations and are therefore stereotypical. These findings confirm the claims by social psychologists that while contact may assist in changing perceptions, the change will not necessarily have the intended effect.This has implications for how the profession attempts to represent its image to the public at large.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

How does contact with accountants influence perceptions of accounting?

Wells

2017

Accounting Education

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“…Moreover, confirmatory processing is assumed to be the default processing style when resources are depleted. Hence, the suggestion is that perceivers may pursue the goal of encoding all relevant (including inconsistent) information only if they have enough resources to permit it (e.g., Bodenhausen, Macrae, & Sherman, 1999;Fiske & Neuberg, 1990;Pendry & Macrae, 1994). When resources are scarce, even perceivers who may have been initially motivated to fully individuate a target are expected to abandon that motive and revert to confirmatory processing because it is easier and/or because it allows them to leave desired conclusions unchallenged.…”

Section: On Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Encoding Flexibility Revisited: Evidence for Enhanced Encoding of Stereotype-Inconsistent Information Under Cognitive Load

Sherman¹,

Conrey²,

Groom³

2004

Social Cognition

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This experiment tested two key components of the Encoding Flexibility Model of stereotyping. Results demonstrated that a cognitive load increased the attention paid to stereotype-inconsistent information, and decreased the attention paid to stereotype-consistent information. Cognitive load also enhanced the perceptual encoding of inconsistent information while diminishing the perceptual encoding of consistent information. Implications of these results for the role of efficiency and the interaction of motivation and ability in social cognition are discussed.The idea that stereotypes perpetuate themselves through confirmatory biases has attained the status of an axiom of social psychology. This principle is affirmed in every major social psychology textbook, and is a central organizational theme in prominent reviews of the stereotyping literature (e.g., Fiske, 1998;Hamilton & Sherman, 1994;Hilton & von Hippel, 1996). A common corollary to this theme is the notion that these confirmatory biases ought to be particularly evident when perceivers suffer from diminished processing capacity.One such bias concerns the processing of stereotype-consistent and inconsistent information. It has been suggested that, particularly when processing resources are depleted, consistent information is more thoroughly attended to and encoded than inconsistent information. This proposal originates from two separate considerations. First, because it fits with an existing expectancy, stereotype-consistent information is simply easier to

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“…Such resources may enable perceivers to use the incoming individuating information about a target person and properly decrease the weight of stereotypes on their judgment (e.g., Bodenhausen, 1990;Gilbert & Hixon, 1991;Osborne & Gilbert, 1992;Pendry & Macrae, 1994;Pratto & Bargh, 1991;Stangor & Duan, 1991). At the preceding information search stage, however, processing resources may enable perceivers to assess the diagnostic advantage of asymmetric questions for stereotyped persons and formulate such questions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Past stereotyping research has focused on the second set of processes. A typical study provides participants with fixed information and examines the ways in which participants' stereotypes influence the processing of this information and subsequent judgments (e.g., Bodenhausen & Lichtenstein, 1987;Bodenhausen & Wyer, 1985;Brewer, 1988;Fiske & Neuberg, 1990;Fiske, Neuberg, Beattie, & Milberg, 1987;Pendry & Macrae, 1994;Stangor & Lange, 1994;Yzerbyt, Schadron, Leyens, & Rocher, 1994; for reviews see Fiske, 1998;Hamilton & Sherman, 1994;Hilton & von Hippel, 1990;Olson et al, 1996). This research has identified a number of factors that enable perceivers to overcome the influence of their stereotypes in processing information and making judgments of others.…”

Section: Jessica a Cameron And Yaacov Trope New York Universitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Stereotype-Biased Search and Processing of Information About Group Members

Cameron¹,

Trope²

2004

Social Cognition

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Two studies examined the contribution of biased information search and biased information processing to stereotyping of individual group members. Participants were free to ask any question they thought would help them make an accurate judgment about a target person's attitudes. Despite this opportunity to acquire individuating information, participants' judgments about group members were strongly influenced by their stereotypes. The findings further show that both the content of the questions addressed to stereotyped targets and the manner in which the answers to these questions were processed contributed to stereotyping. It is argued that biased information search is a major obstacle to the reduction of stereotyping in many real-life situations.

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Stereotypes and Mental Life: The Case of the Motivated but Thwarted Tactician

Cited by 140 publications

References 0 publications

How does contact with accountants influence perceptions of accounting?

How does contact with accountants influence perceptions of accounting?

Encoding Flexibility Revisited: Evidence for Enhanced Encoding of Stereotype-Inconsistent Information Under Cognitive Load

Stereotype-Biased Search and Processing of Information About Group Members

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