Stereotypes and recognition memory for faces and voices of good guys and bad guys

Yarmey, A. Daniel

doi:10.1002/acp.2350070505

Cited by 32 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Our results differ from other reports that have shown either negative effects or null effects of face information on voice encoding (Armstrong & McKelvie, 1996;Cook & Wilding, 1997, 2001Legge et al, 1984;Yarmey, 1993). Despite a number of procedural differences between the present study and previous studies that limit direct comparisons, including the materials and the training and testing tasks, we suspect that the amount of exposure to the talkers prior to the voice recognition test was the main reason for the discrepancy.…”

Section: The Perceptual Learning Of Voicescontrasting

confidence: 56%

“…For example, Legge et al (1984) reported that pictorial face information had no reliable effect on voice learning (see also Armstrong & McKelvie, 1996;Yarmey, 1993). Specifically, Legge et al showed that a talker's voice was recognized nominally better when the target voice was presented with an associated face image at study (approximately 60% correct voice identification for short speech samples; see their Figure 3).…”

Section: Talker Familiarity and Linguistic Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Audiovisual speech facilitates voice learning

Sheffert

Olson

2004

Perception & Psychophysics

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In this research, we investigated the effects of voice and face information on the perceptual learning of talkers and on long-term memory for spoken words. In the first phase, listeners were trained over several days to identify voices from words presented auditorily or audiovisually. The training data showed that visual information about speakers enhanced voice learning, revealing cross-modal connections in talker processing akin to those observed in speech processing. In the second phase, the listeners completed an auditory or audiovisual word recognition memory test in which equal numbers of words were spoken by familiar and unfamiliar talkers. The data showed that words presented by familiar talkers were more likely to be retrieved from episodic memory, regardless of modality. Together, these findings provide new information about the representational code underlying familiar talker recognition and the role of stimulus familiarity in episodic word recognition.

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Section: The Perceptual Learning Of Voicescontrasting

confidence: 56%

Section: Talker Familiarity and Linguistic Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Audiovisual speech facilitates voice learning

Sheffert

Olson

2004

Perception & Psychophysics

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“…That is, eyewitnesses are posited to remember stereotype-consistent information better than stereotypeinconsistent information. Because people have stereotypes about the facial features of criminals (Bull & McAlpine, 2003;Dumas & Testé, 2006;Yarmey, 1993), this memory bias should systematically alter eyewitnesses' memory of a perpetrator's appearance as a function of the crime type. Specifically, the CMEI asserts that crime types will cause eyewitnesses to remember a perpetrator as appearing higher along the corresponding dimension of perceived stereotypicality (e.g., race, gender, and socio-economic status) than had the same person been seen in a neutral context.…”

Section: Stereotype-consistent Memory Biasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crime Type, Perceived Stereotypicality, and Memory Biases: A Contextual Model of Eyewitness Identification

Osborne

Davies

2014

Applied Cognitive Psychology

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The fallibility of eyewitness identifications is well documented. Nevertheless, research has yet to assess the possibility that the type of crime committed systematically influences who eyewitnesses mistakenly identify. We address this oversight by presenting a contextual model of eyewitness identification (CMEI). The CMEI asserts that discrete crimes automatically activate distinct stereotypes about a perpetrator's appearance. Depending on the congruence between these stereotypes and the perpetrator's actual appearance, eyewitnesses will remember the perpetrator as appearing more (or less) representative of his or her group (i.e., higher or lower on perceived stereotypicality). Estimator and system variables are posited to affect identifications at different stages of the identification process. The literatures on stereotype activation, perceived stereotypicality, and stereotype-consistent memory biases are reviewed to support the CMEI. Our conceptual integration provides a model of eyewitness identification that explains when mistaken identifications are likely to occur and who they are likely to affect. ). Although this literature has done an excellent job of documenting when errors in eyewitness identification are likely to occur, little is known about whether the type of crime committed (i.e., the crime type) systematically affects who eyewitnesses mistakenly identify. In the current paper, we argue that focusing on the crime type can help explain why eyewitnesses choose one innocent suspect over another from a police line-up. To advance this thesis, we provide an integration of the literatures on (i) the automaticity of stereotype activation, (ii) perceived stereotypicality, and (iii) stereotypeconsistent memory biases. In doing so, we develop a contextual model of eyewitness identification (CMEI). After showing how these respective literatures support the CMEI, we review recent studies that directly test our model. We conclude by discussing the generalizability of the CMEI and examining the implications our synthesis has for the identification process.

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“…Previous research suggests that people's expectations about a criminal perpetrator's physical appearance vary in relation to the type of criminal offense (Dumas & Teste, 2006;Kulka & Kessler, 1978;Macrae & Shepherd, 1989;Shoemaker, South, & Lowe, 1973;Sigall & Ostrove, 1975;Skorinko & Spellman, 2006;Stewart, 1980;Yarmey, 1993).…”

Section: The Effects Of Masculinity and Suspect Gender On Perceptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Masculinity and Suspect Gender on Perceptions of Guilt

Ward

Flowe

Humphries

2012

Applied Cognitive Psychology

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Summary This study investigated whether perceptions of guilt for both male and female suspects co‐varied with masculine physical appearance. In addition, the study tested whether the relationship between masculine physical appearance and perceptions of guilt was dependent upon whether the crime is stereotypically male perpetrated. Participants read one of three crime scenarios (burglary, child abuse and neglect, fraud and forgery) and evaluated the likelihood that suspects of varying masculine appearance committed the crime in question. Masculine physical appearance significantly affected guilt ratings across all crime types for both male and female suspects. Additionally, guilt ratings for male compared with female suspects were higher for burglary, a crime that was viewed as stereotypically male perpetrated by research participants. The results are discussed in relation to applied implications and future research directions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Stereotypes and recognition memory for faces and voices of good guys and bad guys

Cited by 32 publications

References 26 publications

Audiovisual speech facilitates voice learning

Audiovisual speech facilitates voice learning

Crime Type, Perceived Stereotypicality, and Memory Biases: A Contextual Model of Eyewitness Identification

The Effects of Masculinity and Suspect Gender on Perceptions of Guilt

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