Stereotypes influence false memories for imagined events

Kleider, Heather M.; Goldinger, Stephen D.; Knuycky, Leslie R.

doi:10.1080/09658210801895948

Cited by 14 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Indeed, future research should explore the extent to which different facial characteristics, including criminality, influence source monitoring. Moreover, given that stereotype-driven thinking can induce distortions of memory (e.g., Kleider, Goldinger, & Knuycky, 2008;Ottati, Claypool, & Gingrich, 2005;Snyder & Uranowitz, 1978), it seems possible that facial stereotypes could lead people to remember others doing things that never truly occurred. This is an important issue for future research to consider.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Look who's talking! Facial appearance can bias source monitoring

Nash

Bryer

Schlaghecken

2010

Memory

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When we see a stranger's face, we quickly form impressions of his or her personality, and expectations of how the stranger might behave. Might these intuitive character judgments bias source monitoring? Subjects read headlines 'reported' by a trustworthy-and an untrustworthy-looking reporter. Subsequently, subjects recalled which reporter provided each headline. Source memory for likely-sounding headlines was most accurate when a trustworthy-looking reporter had provided the headlines. Conversely, source memory for unlikely-sounding headlines was most accurate when an untrustworthy-looking reporter had provided the headlines. This bias appeared to be driven by the use of decision criteria during retrieval rather than differences in memory encoding. Nevertheless, the bias was apparently unrelated to variations in subjective confidence. These results show for the first time that intuitive, stereotyped judgments of others' appearance can bias memory attributions analogously to the biases that occur when people receive explicit information to distinguish sources. We suggest possible real-life consequences of these stereotype-driven source monitoring biases.

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confidence: 99%

Look who's talking! Facial appearance can bias source monitoring

Nash

Bryer

Schlaghecken

2010

Memory

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“…Kleider, Goldinger, & Knuycky, 2008;Kleider, Pezdek, Goldinger, & Kirk, 2008; Sherman & Bessenhof, 1999); and for household scenes (Roediger, Meade, & Bergman, 2001). …”

Section: Shapes Memory For Fictional Life Storiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The cultural life script as cognitive schema: How the life script shapes memory for fictional life stories

Koppel

Berntsen

2013

Memory

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We tested, across three studies, the effect of the cultural life script on memory and its phenomenological properties. We focused, in particular, on the mnemonic effects of both schema-consistency and frequency in the life script. In addition to testing recognition (in Study 1) and recall (in Studies 2 and 3), we also collected remember/know judgments for remembered events (in Studies 1 and 2) and memory for their emotional valence (in Study 2). Our primary finding was that, across all three studies, higher-frequency events were more memorable than lower-frequency events, as measured through either recognition or recall. We also attained three additional, complementary effects: First, schema-inconsistent events received remember ratings more often than schema-consistent events (in Study 2, with a trend to this effect in Study 1); second, where an event's emotional valence was inconsistent with the life script, memory for its valence was reconstructed to fit the script (in Study 2); and, third, intrusions in recall were disproportionately for life script events (in Study 3), though that was not the case in recognition (in Study 1). We conclude that the life script serves as a cognitive schema in how it shapes memory and its phenomenological properties. Memory, 22, December , available online at: http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080December /09658211.2013 4 This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis inThe Cultural Life Script as Cognitive Schema: How the Life Script Shapes Memory for Fictional Life StoriesThe cognitive schema (i.e., a mental structure that organizes one's knowledge and assumptions about the world) represents one of the oldest and most influential concepts in cognitive psychology (see Neisser, 1976, for an overview of early work on schemata). Schemata have been found to structure cognition across a range of contexts, including, and most importantly for the present purpose, to play a role in structuring memory. Bartlett (1932) was the first investigator to bring widespread attention to the effect of schemata on recall, with his investigations demonstrating that, in recounting a Native American folk tale, English participants reconstructed the story to better fit the Western schema of a typical narrative structure (see Bergman & Roediger, 1999, for a more recent replication of Bartlett's findings). Much of the early experimental work on the cognitive underpinnings of memory likewise examined the role of schemata (see for example, Anderson & Pichert, 1978;Mandler & Johnson, 1977; Sulin & Dooling, 1974).In the present investigation, we followed in the vein of a more recent experimental tradition on the influence of schemata on memory. December , available online at: http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080December /09658211.2013 5 which had not actually been in the room. Brewer and Treyens interpret their findings for correct recognition and recall as indicating that schemata facilitate retrieval of items which are consistent with a given schema. However, in a su...

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“…A number of other investigators have likewise carried out schema research in this tradition, by probing for the effects of schema-consistency on either correct and/or incorrect recognition and/or recall. Thus, in addition to further studies on room schemata (Lampinen, Copeland, & Neushatz, 2001;Nemeth & Belli, 2006;Pezdek et al, 1989), researchers have probed for the mnemonic influence of schemata for eyewitness-related material, such as crime scenes (Holst & Pezdek, 1992;List, 1986;Smith & Studebaker, 1996;Tuckey & Brewer, 2003); for the behavior of instructors in a classroom (Neuschatz, Lampinen, Preston, Hawkins, & Toglia, 2002); for common scenes such as taking one's dog to the veterinarian or going to the beach (Bower, Black, & Turner, 1979;Graesser, Gordon, & Sawyer, 1979;Graesser, Woll, Kowalski, & Smith, 1980;Lampinen, Faries, Neuschatz, & Toglia, 2000;Shapiro & Fox, 2002;Smith & Graesser, 1981); for stereotypes about categories of people (e.g., gender stereotypes; Kleider, Goldinger, & Knuycky, 2008;Kleider, Pezdek, Goldinger, & Kirk, 2008;Sherman & Bessenhof, 1999); and for household scenes (Roediger, Meade, & Bergman, 2001).…”

Section: Shapes Memory For Fictional Life Storiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The cultural life script as cognitive schema: How the life script shapes memory for fictional life stories

Koppel¹,

Berntsen²

2012

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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We tested, across three studies, the effect of the cultural life script on memory and its phenomenological properties. We focused, in particular, on the mnemonic effects of both schema-consistency and frequency in the life script. In addition to testing recognition (in Study 1) and recall (in Studies 2 and 3), we also collected remember/know judgments for remembered events (in Studies 1 and 2) and memory for their emotional valence (in Study 2). Our primary finding was that, across all three studies, higher-frequency events were more memorable than lower-frequency events, as measured through either recognition or recall. We also attained three additional, complementary effects: First, schema-inconsistent events received remember ratings more often than schema-consistent events (in Study 2, with a trend to this effect in Study 1); second, where an event's emotional valence was inconsistent with the life script, memory for its valence was reconstructed to fit the script (in Study 2); and, third, intrusions in recall were disproportionately for life script events (in Study 3), though that was not the case in recognition (in Study 1). We conclude that the life script serves as a cognitive schema in how it shapes memory and its phenomenological properties. Memory, 22, th December 2013December , available online at: http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080December /09658211.2013 This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in 4The Cultural Life Script as Cognitive Schema: How the Life Script Shapes Memory for Fictional Life StoriesThe cognitive schema (i.e., a mental structure that organizes one's knowledge and assumptions about the world) represents one of the oldest and most influential concepts in cognitive psychology (see Neisser, 1976, for an overview of early work on schemata). Schemata have been found to structure cognition across a range of contexts, including, and most importantly for the present purpose, to play a role in structuring memory. Bartlett (1932) was the first investigator to bring widespread attention to the effect of schemata on recall, with his investigations demonstrating that, in recounting a Native American folk tale, English participants reconstructed the story to better fit the Western schema of a typical narrative structure (see Bergman & Roediger, 1999, for a more recent replication of Bartlett's findings). Much of the early experimental work on the cognitive underpinnings of memory likewise examined the role of schemata (see for example, Anderson & Pichert, 1978; Mandler & Johnson, 1977; Sulin & Dooling, 1974).In the present investigation, we followed in the vein of a more recent experimental tradition on the influence of schemata on memory. The prototype for this line of research is perhaps Brewer and Treyens' (1981) investigation on room schemata and memory. There, participants' memory was tested for the contents of a graduate student's office. Brewer and Treyens found that, in both recognition and recall, there was a positive correlation between ...

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Stereotypes influence false memories for imagined events

Cited by 14 publications

References 35 publications

Look who's talking! Facial appearance can bias source monitoring

Look who's talking! Facial appearance can bias source monitoring

The cultural life script as cognitive schema: How the life script shapes memory for fictional life stories

The cultural life script as cognitive schema: How the life script shapes memory for fictional life stories

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