Steroid hormones and the cardiovascular system: Direct actions of estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, gluco- and mineralcorticoids, and soltriol [vitamin D] on central nervous regulatory and peripheral tissues

Stumpf, Walter E.

doi:10.1007/bf01955408

Cited by 95 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…For testosterone to influence target organs involved in blood pressure control, nuclear binding needs to be demonstrated. Indeed, Stumpf 26 has shown that dihydrotestosterone binds to blood vessel wall, heart, and central nervous system cardiovascular areas, and castration of SHR males before puberty has been shown to normalize their pressures. 13 Castration also abolished the blood pressure sexual differences in DOC-salt hypertension in SpragueDawley rats.…”

Section: -25mentioning

confidence: 99%

Androgen receptor and the testes influence hypertension in a hybrid rat model.

et al. 1991

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The objective of this study was to determine if males with a deficient androgen receptor would develop hypertension when crossed with a hypertensive parent Female King-Holtzman rats (n=15), heterozygous for the testicular feminization (Tfm) gene, were crossed with male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), and blood pressure was measured weekly from 5-14 weeks in the F, hybrid males. Approximately 50% of the F, hybrid males were Tfm males and androgen receptor-deficient, and 50% were normal. Blood pressure in the parent KingHoltzman males, Tfms, and female rats was also followed for the same time period. The F, normal male hybrids had a significantly higher (p<0.05) systolic blood pressure than the Tfm hybrid males after 12 weeks (195±8 versus 170±8 mm Hg, respectively). Blood pressure in the male and Tfm Holtzman rats was 120±5 mm Hg and 110±6 mm Hg, respectively. Castration lowered blood pressure by 38 mm Hg in the hybrid males and 27 mm Hg in the Tfm hybrids. Female F, hybrids also showed a pressure rise above that of female Holtzman controls (155±6 mm Hg versus 110±6 mm Hg, /><0.01) but lower than the F, males and Tfm hybrids. Ovariectomized females with testosterone implants did not show an elevation in blood pressure. Plasma electrolytes, norepinephrine, and cholesterol were not significantly different between normal and Tfm hybrid males. The results suggest that the presence of an androgen receptor and a testis-derived factor mediate the blood pressure rise in the hybrid males. A Y chromosome effect or sex-influenced locus may be involved since both the normal and Tfm males had significantly higher blood pressures than their female siblings. (Hypertension S ex differences in systolic and diastolic blood pressure by age have been reported in most studies of developed societies. The US Public Health Service National Health Survey, 1 The Tecumseh Study, 2 and similar epidemiological longitudinal studies in Norway, 3 Poland, 4 and Japan 5 have reported that men have higher blood pressure than women at younger ages (second through third decade) with a crossover in women to higher pressures in the fourth to sixth decade. The crossover phenomenon appears to be characteristic of nearly all developed societies and is seen most clearly with systolic pressure. Similar conclusions are reached whether the results are expressed as the mean pressure by age and sex or as prevalence of hypertension. There are only a few blood pressure studies in children, but available data suggest that there are no significant sex differences. 6 These studies and experimental studies suggest that the male sex hormones, specifically testosterone, play a role in the sexual differentiation of hypertension.

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Section: -25mentioning

confidence: 99%

Androgen receptor and the testes influence hypertension in a hybrid rat model.

et al. 1991

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“…None of the subjects had experienced symptoms suggestive of cerebral ischemia or had severe arteriosclerotic changes on chest X-ray film. PWV was slower than 8 m/sec in most of the female (14), and estrogen is known to alter the concentration and turnover of catecholamines and the sensitivity of catecholaminergic receptors in the mammalian central nervous system (15)(16)(17). Recently, Corodimas and Morrell (18) have demonstrated that estrogen-concentrating neurons project from several hypothalamic nuclei to the medulla.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender Difference in Blood Pressure Regulation in Essential Hypertension.

Muneta¹,

Murakami²,

Hiwada³

1994

Hypertens Res

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o investigate the gender difference in the pathophysiology of essential hypertension, we investigated baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV), blood pressure responses to mental arithmetic tests (MAT) and isometric handgrip exercise (IHG) in normotensive subjects (NT) and essential hypertensive patients (EHT) of both genders. EHT were classified as stage I (EHT-I) or stage II (EHT-II) according to the WHO stage classification. BRS in males tended to decline with increasing age and showed a significant (p < 0.01) inverse correlation with PWV. Male EHT-II showed a significantly lower BRS than NT and EHT-I, and BRS in EHT-I was similar to that in NT. On the other hand, BRS in females decreased with age, reached a nadir around the first half of the fifth decade of life and tended to increase afterwards. Female EHT-I showed a substantially reduced value for BRS compared with NT, and BRS in EHT-II was similar to that in EHT-I. BRS in female EHT showed a significant (p<0.01) inverse correlation with serum gonadotropin level. Blood pressure response to MAT and clinic blood pressure were closely related to BRS in female subjects. We showed that male BRS declined gradually with aging and the progress of hypertension, while BRS in female EHT was substantially reduced even in the early stage of hypertension. The activation of the sex center regulating gonadotropin secretion may be one of the causative factors of the baroreflex impairment in females. These findings suggest that ovarian dysfunction is an another important factor influencing the baroreflex function in addition to aging and blood pressure, and that the baroreflex impairment in females characterizes the gender difference in the pathophysiology of essential hypertension. (Hypertens Res 1994; 17: 71-78) Key Words: essential hypertension, gender difference, baroreceptor reflex, pituitary gonadotropin, mental arithmetic test, isometric handgrip exercise, pulse wave velocity It is well known that blood pressure (BP) increases with age in most industrialized societies. However, age-related alterations in blood pressure differ between genders (.1). Under the age of 50, both systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) in males exceed those in females of the corresponding ages. After the age of 55, SBP in females exceeds that in males and DBP in females overtakes that in males. Since BP increases at a higher rate in females than in males between the ages of 40 and 60, endocrine changes associated with ovarian dysfunction have been assumed to play an important role in the pathophysiology of female hypertension.Male and female sex steroid hormones are considered to exert opposite effects on the cardiovascular system. It is generally considered that female sex hormones are protective against cardiovascular diseases, while male sex hormones constitute a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. In the Framingham study, age-adjusted risk of cardiovascular morbidity was lower in females than in males with the same blood pressure level (2), and the prevale...

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“…Sexually mature fishes differ markedly in circulating sex hor mones, and a great many vertebrate tissues are mod ified by these hormones [e.g. by dihydro-testosterone; Bass, 1989;Stumpf, 1990]. The electric organ in mormyrids is derived from striated muscle, it is modified by testosterone [Bass, et al, 1986a;Bass, 1989], and the morphological influences of testosterone on this organ produce sex differences in the EOD [Bass, et al, 1986b], It is plausible that circulating steroids also influenced the EODs of the earliest ancestral mormyrids and that this influence was selectively 'neutral' in the context of the primary functions of the EOD.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Recognition by Electric Cues in a Sound-Producing Mormyrid Fish, <i>Pollimyrus isidori</i> (Part 2 of 2)

Crawford¹

1991

Brain Behav Evol

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This paper evaluates the role of electric cues in the sex recognition behavior of an African electric fish, Pollimyrus isidori, during courtship behavior observed in the laboratory. I examined the importance of the electric organ discharge (EOD: waveform of the stereotyped electric organ discharge) and the sequence of pulse intervals (SPI: temporal pattern formed by sequences inter-EOD intervals) experimentally by presenting caged fishes, and electric playbacks (models) to male residents. In this species males court females with sounds, and I used this sonic behavior to measure sex recognition. Resident males produced many more grunt sounds when females were introduced onto their territories, compared with caged males, revealing that residents discriminated the sex of the caged fish. Response rates were correlated with characteristic patterns in the SPI of the introduced fish, suggesting that discrimination was based on electric cues. Moreover, I noted several significant sex differences in the SPIs of caged fishes. Residents also discriminated between electric signals from female and male fishes, played to them through electrodes, indicating that electric cues alone were sufficient for sex recognition. An ANOVA was used to ascertain the role of the SPI and the EOD, by analyzing responses to natural female and male models, as well as responses to male EODs combined with female SPIs, and to female EODs combined with male SPIs (hybrid models). I found that discriminating residents used SPI cues alone, with no dependence on the EOD. Taken together with new data showing that females generate a highly regular SPI during natural courtship encounters with singing males, these results show that SPIs are important in sex recognition in P. isidori.

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Steroid hormones and the cardiovascular system: Direct actions of estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, gluco- and mineralcorticoids, and soltriol [vitamin D] on central nervous regulatory and peripheral tissues

Cited by 95 publications

References 76 publications

Androgen receptor and the testes influence hypertension in a hybrid rat model.

Androgen receptor and the testes influence hypertension in a hybrid rat model.

Gender Difference in Blood Pressure Regulation in Essential Hypertension.

Sex Recognition by Electric Cues in a Sound-Producing Mormyrid Fish, <i>Pollimyrus isidori</i> (Part 2 of 2)

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