Steroid profile for urine: reference values.

Weykamp, Cas; Penders, T. J.; Schmidt, Nicole; Borburgh, A J; Calseyde, J.F. Van de; Wolthers, B J

doi:10.1093/clinchem/35.12.2281

Cited by 66 publications

(25 citation statements)

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“…However, levels rise during adrenarche (22), and decrease during other disease states such as fasting, severe illness, anorexia nervosa and ageing (13). The same is true for the urinary androgen metabolites (38). It is also clear that adrenal androgen production is not under the sole control of ACTH.…”

Section: Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulphate and Urinary Androgen Metabolmentioning

confidence: 78%

Hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis suppression in asthmatic children on inhaled corticosteroids: Part 1. Which test should be used?

Zöllner

2007

Pediatric Allergy Immunology

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The effect of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) has been regarded as a 'benign physiological response'. A recent survey suggests that adrenal crisis might be more common in asthmatic children on ICS than previously thought. The clinical features of adrenal insufficiency are non-specific and can easily be missed. Accurate biochemical assessment of the axis is therefore mandatory. A review of the literature determined that all basal adrenal function tests, including plasma cortisol profiles, cannot identify which children can respond to stress. There is no evidence to suggests that the degree of the physiological adjustment of the HPA to ICS predicts clinically significant HPA suppression. Only gold standard adrenal function tests can assess the integrity of the whole axis. Of the two available tests, the correctly performed overnight metyrapone test (with ACTH levels) is safe and better by far. The use of cortisol profiles should only be used to demonstrate differences in systemic activity of various ICS and delivery devices. Regulatory bodies should insist on trials that evaluate the HPA with a gold standard adrenal function test before it is declared safe and allowed to be marketed. A re-analysis of studies that have utilized gold standard adrenal function tests only might identify the lowest safe dose and duration of ICS.

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Section: Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulphate and Urinary Androgen Metabolmentioning

confidence: 78%

Hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis suppression in asthmatic children on inhaled corticosteroids: Part 1. Which test should be used?

Zöllner

2007

Pediatric Allergy Immunology

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“…In the case of BOLDS the most abundant diagnostic ions [M + H] + and [M-H] À co-elute with an unknown interference present in all the studied urines. However, the interference is not present in urine from children younger than three years old, which present lower concentrations of endogenous steroids, [34] indicating that the interference is probably an endogenous steroid. The sodium adduct ([M + Na] + ) seems to be specific and no interferences were detected and can therefore be used to detect BOLDS without any interference.…”

Section: Methods Validationmentioning

confidence: 94%

Urinary detection of conjugated and unconjugated anabolic steroids by dilute‐and‐shoot liquid chromatography‐high resolution mass spectrometry

Tudela

Deventer

Geldof

et al. 2014

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are an important class of doping agents. The metabolism of these substances is generally very extensive and includes phase-I and phase-II pathways. In this work, a comprehensive detection of these metabolites is described using a 2-fold dilution of urine and subsequent analysis by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). The method was applied to study 32 different metabolites, excreted free or conjugated (glucuronide or sulfate), which permit the detection of misuse of at least 21 anabolic steroids. The method has been fully validated for 21 target compounds (8 glucuronide, 1 sulfate and 12 free steroids) and 18 out of 21 compounds had detection limits in the range of 1-10 ng mL(-1) in urine. For the conjugated compounds, for which no reference standards are available, metabolites were synthesized in vitro or excretion studies were investigated. The detection limits for these compounds ranged between 0.5 and 18 ng mL(-1) in urine. The simple and straightforward methodology complements the traditional methods based on hydrolysis, liquid-liquid extraction, derivatization and analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS).

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“…In order to have a matrix as close as possible to the real samples, urine from a 3year-old girl was selected as a blank urine sample for the validation studies and the preparation of the calibration curves, since the concentration of steroids in this matrix is very low. 36 The low levels of the selected endogenous sulfates in that urine were determined by standard addition prior to using it for calibration and validation of the method and taken into account when constructing the calibration curves.…”

Section: Methods Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct quantitation of endogenous steroid sulfates in human urine by liquid chromatography‐electrospray tandem mass spectrometry

Esquivel

Alechaga²,

Monfort³

et al. 2018

Drug Testing and Analysis

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A method based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the direct quantitation of endogenous steroid sulfates has been developed to be able to evaluate these metabolites as biomarkers to detect the misuse of endogenous androgenic anabolic steroids in sports. For sample preparation, a mixed-mode solid-phase extraction was optimized to eliminate the glucuronide fraction in the washing step thus obtaining only the sulfate fraction. Chromatographic separation was optimized to achieve adequate resolution between isomers. The electrospray ionization and the product ion mass spectra of the sulfates were studied in order to obtain the most specific and selective transitions. The method was validated for quantitative purposes for 11 steroid sulfates obtaining satisfactory values for linearity, accuracy, and intra- and inter-day precision (relative standard deviation better than 16.2%). Limits of quantitation ranged between 0.5 and 2 ng/mL. Extraction recoveries for sulfate metabolites were between 90 and 94%. Matrix effect ranged from 90 to 110% showing the absence of significant ion suppression/enhancement. Samples were found to be stable after 2 freeze/thaw cycles. The applicability of the method was checked by the analysis of 75 urine samples from healthy volunteers (54 males, 37 Caucasian and 17 Asian, and 21 Caucasian females) to evaluate the concentration levels of endogenous sulfate metabolites in basal conditions.

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Steroid profile for urine: reference values.

Cited by 66 publications

References 0 publications

Hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis suppression in asthmatic children on inhaled corticosteroids: Part 1. Which test should be used?

Hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis suppression in asthmatic children on inhaled corticosteroids: Part 1. Which test should be used?

Urinary detection of conjugated and unconjugated anabolic steroids by dilute‐and‐shoot liquid chromatography‐high resolution mass spectrometry

Direct quantitation of endogenous steroid sulfates in human urine by liquid chromatography‐electrospray tandem mass spectrometry

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