Steroids in a typical swine farm and their release into the environment

Liu, Shan; Ying, Guang‐Guo; Zhou, Lijun; Zhang, Ruiquan; Chen, Zhi Feng; Lai, Hua‐Jie

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2012.04.006

Cited by 155 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…A previous study reported nine compounds of progestagens (total concentrations up to 57 ng/L in influent, 8 ng/L in effluent, and 13 ng/g in dehydrated sludge samples) in a municipal WWTP in Beijing, China [10]. Moreover, the results from the present study confirmed that swine farms and WWTPs are the main sources of progestagens in the environment [12,32]. Comparing with influent, effluent contained less and lower target compounds (total concentrations 5 ng/L), indicating that the treatment processes of the WWTP could effectively remove or transform progestagens.…”

Section: Application To Environmental Samplessupporting

confidence: 84%

“…Among all the sample matrices, flush water contained the most progestagens with the highest concentrations (total concentrations more than 10,000 ng/L), followed by feces (total concentrations nearly 6,000 ng/g). Previous studies reported that progesterone was detected in piled manure in USA at the concentration of 196 ng/g [20] and progesterone and norgestrel in flush [9], [11], [12], [20], [30], [31], [33], [34], [35], [36] AD anordrin, CMD chlormadinone, CMDA chlormadinone acetate, CPRA cyproterone acetate, DGT dydrogesterone, 5α-DHP samples from a swine farm in Guangxi (China) with their concentrations above 10,000 ng/L [32]. In the WWTP, influent contained the most progestagens (total concentrations up to 81 ng/L), followed by dewatered sludge (total concentrations up to 23 ng/g).…”

Section: Application To Environmental Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of 21 progestagens in various matrices by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) with diverse sample pretreatment

et al. 2014

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In this study, a highly sensitive and robust method using an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry combined with solid-phase extraction and ultrasonic extraction for pretreatment and silica gel purification steps has been developed for determination of 21 natural and synthetic progestagens in river surface water and sediments, and influents, effluents, and sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants, and flush water and feces from swine farms. For the various matrices considered, the optimized method showed satisfactory performance with recoveries of 70-129 % (except AD, 5α-DHP, DPT, HPC), the limits of quantification below 2.30 ng/L for liquid samples and 2.59 ng/g for solid samples (except AD), and good linearity and reproducibility. This developed method was successfully applied in the analysis of progestagens in environmental samples from Liuxi Reservoir, Xintang municipal wastewater treatment plant, and Shunfeng swine farm in South China. Six analytes were detected at trace levels in surface water, effluent, and sediment samples. Seven analytes (0.7 (HPA)-35.1 ng/L (DGT)) were found in the influent samples and three analytes (5.6 (DGT)-11.8 ng/g (5α-DHP)) in the dewatered sludge samples. Moreover, 13 analytes were detected in swine farm, with high concentrations ranging from 23.8 ng/L (ET) to 5,024 ng/L (P) in flush water, and from 20.0 ng/g (MPA) to 1952 ng/g (P) in feces.

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Section: Application To Environmental Samplessupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Application To Environmental Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of 21 progestagens in various matrices by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) with diverse sample pretreatment

et al. 2014

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“…Progestins have been detected in surface waters [9][10][11] and wastewaters [12][13][14]. Norgestrel was found in surface water at concentrations up to 22 ng L À1 [11] and in municipal wastewater-treatment plant effluents at concentrations up to 11 ng L À1 [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A time‐course transcriptional kinetics of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axes in zebrafish eleutheroembryos after exposure to norgestrel

Liang

Huang

Ying

et al. 2014

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Abstract:The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of norgestrel on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axes in zebrafish eleutheroembryos. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to different concentrations, and 100 ng L À1) for 144 h post fertilization (hpf), and the transcriptional profiles of the HPG and HPA axes were examined every day. Norgestrel modulated the expression of Pgr and Vtg1 messenger (m)RNAs mainly at 96 hpf for all treatment groups. In addition, norgestrel strongly altered the expression of Cyp11a1 mRNA above 5 ng L À1 (significant upregulation from 48 hpf to 120 hpf and significant downregulation for 144 hpf). Norgestrel treatment could significantly induce expression of Cyp19a1a, Cyp11b, Gnrh2, Gnrh3, and Lhb mRNAs but inhibit transcripts of Hsd11b2 and Crh genes above 5 ng L À1 at different time points. The transcriptional expression levels of Esr1, Ar, Star, Hsd17b3, Fshb, and Pomc were also mediated by 5 ng L À1 norgestrel or higher during different exposure periods. Taken together, the overall results imply that the transcriptional changes in zebrafish eleutheroembryos may pose a potential effect on embryonic development, in particular in the brain and gonadogenesis. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:112-119. # 2014 SETAC

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“…The waste of livestock has been proved to be one of the major sources of environmental estrogen, 16,17 and compared with piglets and barrows, sows produce varied classes of steroids, including estrogens and androgens, at much higher concentrations. 18 The onset of HA in fish has been reported to be associated with the environmental contamination including steroids. 19 We therefore suspect whether the environmental steroid exposure might, to some extent, contribute to the simultaneous development of HA in two siblings.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synchronous giant hepatic adenoma in siblings-A case report and brief literature review

Zhang

Shi

Zhao

2016

Cancer Biology & Therapy

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A 47-year-old woman was referred to our department for a hepatic mass. She denied history of hepatitis or alcohol consumption and regular oral contraceptive use, except for the emergency contraceptive pill taken once a decade ago. Hepatitis B surface antigen and anti-hepatitis C antibody were negative, a-fetoprotein was within normal limit. CT scan revealed an enormous mass measuring 26.0£16 5£13 0 cm that almost totally replaced the right hepatic lobe. The neoplasm was completely resected and pathologically diagnosed as hepatic adenoma. Literature review indicates this is the largest hepatic adenoma reported so far. At the same time, clinical examination also revealed a hepatic mass in the patient's 42-year-old brother, which was pathologically confirmed as hepatic adenoma, too. He denied history of anabolic steroid use. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed the subtypes of both tumors as the inflammatory hepatic adenoma. Literature review indicates this is the first report of synchronous hepatic adenomas in siblings.

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Steroids in a typical swine farm and their release into the environment

Cited by 155 publications

References 65 publications

Analysis of 21 progestagens in various matrices by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) with diverse sample pretreatment

Analysis of 21 progestagens in various matrices by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) with diverse sample pretreatment

A time‐course transcriptional kinetics of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axes in zebrafish eleutheroembryos after exposure to norgestrel

Synchronous giant hepatic adenoma in siblings-A case report and brief literature review

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