“…For bulk modulus studies we used fluorescein-o-acrylate as the polymerized dye, and to improve depth of tissue penetration and avoid tissue autofluorescence, a near-IR dye (Dylight 680 maleimide) was used for in vivo applications. By lowering the amount of cross-linker from 10% to 1%, we tuned the modulus of the resultant hydrated polymer from 63.9 to 7.8 kPa, respectively (Table 1), overlapping the range of the reported modulus for RBCs (26 AE 7 kPa) (23).…”
It has long been hypothesized that elastic modulus governs the biodistribution and circulation times of particles and cells in blood; however, this notion has never been rigorously tested. We synthesized hydrogel microparticles with tunable elasticity in the physiological range, which resemble red blood cells in size and shape, and tested their behavior in vivo. Decreasing the modulus of these particles altered their biodistribution properties, allowing them to bypass several organs, such as the lung, that entrapped their more rigid counterparts, resulting in increasingly longer circulation times well past those of conventional microparticles. An 8-fold decrease in hydrogel modulus correlated to a greater than 30-fold increase in the elimination phase half-life for these particles. These results demonstrate a critical design parameter for hydrogel microparticles.biomimetic | deformability | drug carriers | long circulating | red blood cell mimic
“…For bulk modulus studies we used fluorescein-o-acrylate as the polymerized dye, and to improve depth of tissue penetration and avoid tissue autofluorescence, a near-IR dye (Dylight 680 maleimide) was used for in vivo applications. By lowering the amount of cross-linker from 10% to 1%, we tuned the modulus of the resultant hydrated polymer from 63.9 to 7.8 kPa, respectively (Table 1), overlapping the range of the reported modulus for RBCs (26 AE 7 kPa) (23).…”
It has long been hypothesized that elastic modulus governs the biodistribution and circulation times of particles and cells in blood; however, this notion has never been rigorously tested. We synthesized hydrogel microparticles with tunable elasticity in the physiological range, which resemble red blood cells in size and shape, and tested their behavior in vivo. Decreasing the modulus of these particles altered their biodistribution properties, allowing them to bypass several organs, such as the lung, that entrapped their more rigid counterparts, resulting in increasingly longer circulation times well past those of conventional microparticles. An 8-fold decrease in hydrogel modulus correlated to a greater than 30-fold increase in the elimination phase half-life for these particles. These results demonstrate a critical design parameter for hydrogel microparticles.biomimetic | deformability | drug carriers | long circulating | red blood cell mimic
“…Both types had originated from the same line, the cancerous cells having been derived by transforming the normal ones with a v-ras oncogene. Similar attempts have been made using erythrocytes [20] that were derived from patients with various hereditary disorders, including spherocytosis, glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase deficiency, thalassaemia, and anisocytosis of various causes. Young's modulus for the pathological erythrocytes was significantly higher than that for normal ones, thereby indicating that the cytoskeletal structures of the former and the latter might differ.…”
Section: Eukaryotesmentioning
confidence: 94%
“…These include, among others, cardiocytes [33], osteoblasts [12,13,91], glia [29,100], fibroblasts [28,46,98], erythrocytes [8,20] (review), oocytes [103], and outer-hair cells of Corti's organ, [67,89,90,95,96].…”
Atomic force microscopy is being increasingly used to explore the physical properties of biological structures. This technique involves the application of a force to the sample and a monitoring of the ensuing deformation process. The available experimental setups can be broadly divided into two categories, one of which involves a stretching and the other an indentation of the organic materials. In this review, we will focus on the indentation technique and will illustrate its application to biological materials with examples that range from single molecules to living cells.
“…The atomic force microscope (AFM) is a powerful instrument for studying topographical and mechanical properties such as elastic modulus and viscoelasticity, and hardness of biological materials (Dulińskaa et al, 2006). The high resolution and reasonably fast speed of AFM measurements have made it possible to investigate the topography and mechanical properties of living biological cells or tissues (Ikai et al, 1997;Nowakowshi et al, 2001).…”
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