Stiffness variation in the interphase of amine‐cured epoxy adjacent to copper microstructures

Chung, Jaeun; Munz, Martin; Sturm, Heinz

doi:10.1002/sia.2571

Cited by 29 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…In all distances from the particle, the interphase shows stiffness values between 1 to 5. The homogenous interphase is unlike commonly reported interphase formation in which there was a gradient in property changes were observed [12]. The soft interphase appears as a phase segregation which can be due to several effects.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 82%

Insights into Nano-Scale Physical and Mechanical Properties of Epoxy/Boehmite Nanocomposite Using Different AFM Modes

et al. 2019

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Understanding the interaction between nanoparticles and the matrix and the properties of interphase is crucial to predict the macroscopic properties of a nanocomposite system. Here, we investigate the interaction between boehmite nanoparticles (BNPs) and epoxy using different atomic force microscopy (AFM) approaches. We demonstrate benefits of using multifrequency intermodulation AFM (ImAFM) to obtain information about conservative, dissipative and van der Waals tip-surface forces and probing local properties of nanoparticles, matrix and the interphase. We utilize scanning kelvin probe microscopy (SKPM) to probe surface potential as a tool to visualize material contrast with a physical parameter, which is independent from the mechanics of the surface. Combining the information from ImAFM stiffness and SKPM surface potential results in a precise characterization of interfacial region, demonstrating that the interphase is softer than epoxy and boehmite nanoparticles. Further, we investigated the effect of boehmite nanoparticles on the bulk properties of epoxy matrix. ImAFM stiffness maps revealed the significant stiffening effect of boehmite nanoparticles on anhydride-cured epoxy matrix. The energy dissipation of epoxy matrix locally measured by ImAFM shows a considerable increase compared to that of neat epoxy. These measurements suggest a substantial alteration of epoxy structure induced by the presence of boehmite.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 82%

Insights into Nano-Scale Physical and Mechanical Properties of Epoxy/Boehmite Nanocomposite Using Different AFM Modes

et al. 2019

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“…This study focuses on interactions between PC/EP and PC/BNP/EP. Interfaces had to be made accessible to the analytical toolset, 18 which can probe molecular and nanomechanical properties, such as atomic force microscopy (AFM). The usage of nanomechanical mapping (e.g., force volume mode) on reactive and nonreactive polymer blends have demonstrated to be reliable for the characterization of the interfacial morphology, width, and mechanical property of the polymer–polymer interphase, making the latter easily evaluated based on the Young's modulus maps with several hundreds of nanometers scan size 19 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanomechanical study of polycarbonate/boehmite nanoparticles/epoxy ternary composite and their interphases

Murillo

Khorasani

Silbernagl

et al. 2020

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Thermoplastic modified thermosets are of great interest especially due to their improved fracture toughness. Comparable enhancements have been achieved by adding different nanofillers including inorganic particles such as nanosized boehmite. Here, we present a nanomechanical study of two composite systems, the first comprising a polycarbonate (PC) layer in contact with epoxy resin (EP) and the second consisting of a PC layer containing boehmite nanoparticles (BNP) which is also in contact with an EP layer. The interaction between PC and EP monomer is tested by in situ Fourier transformed infrared (FT‐IR) analysis, from which a reaction induced phase separation of the PC phase is inferred. Both systems are explored by atomic force microscopy (AFM) force spectroscopy. AFM force‐distance curves (FDC) show no alteration of the mechanical properties of EP at the interface to PC. However, when a PC phase loaded with BNP is put in contact with an epoxy system during curing, a considerable mechanical improvement exceeding the rule of mixture was detected. The trend of BNP to agglomerate preferentially around EP dominated regions and the stiffening effect of BNP on EP shown by spatial resolved measurements of Young's modulus, suggest the effective presence of BNP within the EP phase.

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“…In a heterogenous polymer mixture consisting of resin and hardener, each molecule interacts with nanoparticles in different ways. Besides local distortions of the curing process due to confinement effects, chemical interactions between polymer and nanoparticles, as well as preferential adsorption of one component, can occur in a thermosetting matrix with nanofillers [22]. Based on functional groups on the surface of the filler, one compound is energetically preferred, and therefore one reactant is accumulated at the interphase.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short- and Long-Range Mechanical and Chemical Interphases Caused by Interaction of Boehmite (γ-AlOOH) with Anhydride-Cured Epoxy Resins

et al. 2019

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Understanding the interaction between boehmite and epoxy and the formation of their interphases with different mechanical and chemical structures is crucial to predict and optimize the properties of epoxy-boehmite nanocomposites. Probing the interfacial properties with atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based methods, especially particle-matrix long-range interactions, is challenging. This is due to size limitations of various analytical methods in resolving nanoparticles and their interphases, the overlap of interphases, and the effect of buried particles that prevent the accurate interphase property measurement. Here, we develop a layered model system in which the epoxy is cured in contact with a thin layer of hydrothermally synthesized boehmite. Different microscopy methods are employed to evaluate the interfacial properties. With intermodulation atomic force microscopy (ImAFM) and amplitude dependence force spectroscopy (ADFS), which contain information about stiffness, electrostatic, and van der Waals forces, a soft interphase was detected between the epoxy and boehmite. Surface potential maps obtained by scanning Kelvin probe microscopy (SKPM) revealed another interphase about one order of magnitude larger than the mechanical interphase. The AFM-infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR) technique reveals that the soft interphase consists of unreacted curing agent. The long-range electrical interphase is attributed to the chemical alteration of the bulk epoxy and the formation of new absorption bands.

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Stiffness variation in the interphase of amine‐cured epoxy adjacent to copper microstructures

Cited by 29 publications

References 28 publications

Insights into Nano-Scale Physical and Mechanical Properties of Epoxy/Boehmite Nanocomposite Using Different AFM Modes

Insights into Nano-Scale Physical and Mechanical Properties of Epoxy/Boehmite Nanocomposite Using Different AFM Modes

Nanomechanical study of polycarbonate/boehmite nanoparticles/epoxy ternary composite and their interphases

Short- and Long-Range Mechanical and Chemical Interphases Caused by Interaction of Boehmite (γ-AlOOH) with Anhydride-Cured Epoxy Resins

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